Field performance of several provenances of Michelia baillonii and Betula alnoides for sawlog production
in Quang Ninh and Son La Provinces
Nguyen Hoang Nghia, Pham Quang Thu, Le Van Binh, Vu Van Dinh and Nguyen Minh Chi
Forest Science
Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Currently Vietnam’s native forests and
plantations cannot meet the demand for sawlogs, requiring significant volumes logs to be
imported to meet that demand. Vietnam aims to
increase the local supply of
sawlogs in a sustainable manner by undertaking research to determine
which tree species would be suitable for plantations and for enrichment
plantings in native forests. Michelia baillonii
and Betula alnoides are two
species potentially suitable for
sawlog production.
Provenance trials were established in
July 2007 at Hoanh Bo, Quang
Ninh Province
for M. baillonii
(four provenances) and at Chieng Bom, Son La Province for B. alnoides (five provenances). In addition, a trail comparing 30 families
from within the five provenances of B.
alnoides was also established at Chieng Bom.
After a number of years, growth
performance, diameter (breast height over bark, 1.3 metres) and total height, was
analyzed.
For M. Baillonii, performance after
four years differed significantly (P>0.05)
between the four provenances with the best performance being the Menghai
provenance with a mean diameter of 8.4 cm and height of 8.4 m. These values can be compared to the poorest
performed provenance from Jinghongof 3.7 cm and
2.8mrespectively.
The performance of B. alnoides after three years,
while less than that observed at the equivalent age for M. baillonii,
showed there were significant differences (P>0.05)
between provenances and between families.
Mean diameter and height of the
Menghai provenance was significantly greater (3.5 cm and 4.4 m respectively)
than that of other four provenances, Chieng Bom, Co Ma, Coheng and Lingyun.
In the second trial using 30 families
of B. alnoides, there were
significant differences in diameter and height between the 30 families. The best performing families were:
2625 (Coheng provenance) 4.4 cm and
5.5 m,
CB9 (Chieng Bom provenance) 4.3 cm
and 5.3 m,
2711(Menghai provenance) 3.7 cm and
4.6 m,
2705 (Menghai provenance) 3.1 cm and
4.4 m, and
1525 (Lingyun provenance)3.0 cm and 4.4 m.
These early results will be used to
further select suitable genetic lines of both species for developing
plantations and may be applied to forest enrichment activities for sawlog production in Vietnam.
Key words: Betula alnoides, growth, Michelia baillonii, provenance, family
AN ASSESSMENT OF FOREST COVER AND
SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPACT FOLLOWING IMPLEMENTATION OF PROJECT 661 IN THE CENTRAL
REGION OF VIETNAM.
Dinh Thanh Giang and Ha Thanh Mung
Forest
Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
The Vietnamese Government
instigated a 13 year program, the Project 661, in 1998 to establish five
million hectares of new forests to increase the Nation’s forest cover to 43%
with the purpose to protect the environment, decrease the severity of natural
disasters, increase
water availability, preserve gene resources and protect biodiversity.
At the conclusion of Project 661 in 2010,
assessments were made of the forest canopy cover across Vietnam and the
socio-economic impacts on affected local communities.
While the national target has yet to be
achieved (average forest cover was approximately 39%), in several Central
region Provinces (Ha Giang, Tuyen Quang, Yen Bai, Phu Tho) the forest canopy coverage
had increased from 38.6% in 1998 to 56.4%.
In the Central region about 29% of the total population obtains
some income from the forests. However
there remains threats to the maintenance of forest cover. While annual reforestation represents about
406,400 ha and 118,867 ha of native forest are regenerated, there has be an offsetting
loss of 653,428 ha due to encroachment.
As at 2010 the total annual volume increment
of the Central regions plantations was approximately 12,221,000 m3.
The estimated economic value obtained from
these forests is about VND 9,996,385 for wood production, about VND 1,671,311
for non-wood forest products and VND 239,694 from other forest activities.
Keywords: Five Million Hectare Reforestation Program,
Central region.
ESTIMATION OF GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS FROM PEATLAND IN KIEN
GIANG AND CA MAU PROVINCES
Tran Thi Thu Anh, Do Dinh Sam and Vu Tan Phuong
SUMMARY
Estimation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from
peatlands includes emissions from biomass burning (forest and peat fires),
oxidation of peat, agricultural production and peat harvesting. In a joint study with the World Agroforestry
Centre (ICRAF), the Forest Ecology and Environment Research Centre of FSIV assessed
the potential for reducing GHG emissions from peatland managed in Vietnamese
Provinces of Kien Giang and Ca Mau Provinces, with particular focus on the U
Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha National Parks.
Emissions were estimated using IPCC guidelines (IPCC
2006) and the data sources were based on data from forest fires, land use
change and other survey data. The results
showed that during the 33 years to 2009, the area of peatland decreased on
average by 530 ha/year, effectively reducing the peat stock by 6.6 millions
tons annually; the equivalent to releasing 3.3 million tons of C per year.
The common land uses in peatland areas include conservation
(mainly in U Minh Thuong and U Minh Ha National Parks), forest plantations
(mainly Melaleuca), agricultural
production and small scale peat harvesting for fertilizer production. However the combined releases from these land
uses totals about 12.8 million tons of CO2, with the major source
being from the burning of biomass and the actual peat (about 12 million tons or
95% of total GHG emissions).
Other minor sources of GHG emissions were from the oxidation
of peat (about 0.6 million tonnes of CO2) and peat harvesting for fertilizer
production (about 107 tons of CO2/year).
Ca Mau Province accounted for 8.01 million tons of CO2,
or 63% of total emissions for two provinces.
Keywords: Peat, peatland, emission, green house gas.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF SEQUESTRATION VALUES OF SOME TIMBER PLANTATIONS IN
VIETNAM
Luong Van Tien, Vu Tan Phuong and Luong Xuan Hai
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
The carbon sequestration
characteristics of nine plantation tree species was determined and evaluated
for their potential long term sequestration and potential economic
benefits.
The nine species were: Canarium album Lour, Tarrietia
javanica Blume, Chukrasia tabularia
A.Juss, Pinus caribaea Morelet, Michelia meriocris Dandy, Tectona grandis Linn, Hopera odorata Roxb, Dipterocapus
alatus Roxb and Khaya senegalensis
(Desr) A.Fuss.
These
species were planted in four forest ecological zones and in six provinces;
Quang Ninh (North East), Thanh Hoa, Quang Binh (North Central), Gia Lai, Lam
Dong (Central Highlands) and Binh Phuoc (South
East).
Growth and biomass data were
collected from 500m2 sample plots in 5-30 year old plantations.
Using forest growth models, market
pricing and replacement costs methodologies, economic values were predicted for
net carbon sequestered in the plantations.
As expected, carbon sequestration values increased with increasing
plantation age, meaning that longer rotations deliver considerable
environmental and economic benefits.
Keywords: Timber plantation, Carbon, Canarium album, Tarrietia javanica,
Chukrasia tabularia, Pinus caribaea, Michelia meriocris, Tectona
grandis, Hopera odorata, Dipterocapus
alatus, Khaya senegalensis.
THE POTENTIAL FOR APPLICATION OF SOIL MICROORGANISMS TO IMPROVE SITE
AND SOIL PRODUCTIVITY AFTER SEVERAL EUCALYPT ROTATIONS
Pham Quang Thu and Nguyen Thi Thuy Nga
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Eucalypt plantations have been widely planted in Vietnam for
many years. Where Eucalypts have been
retained over several rotations there can be severe negative impacts on soil
nutritional levels, soil pH (increased acidity), soil moisture content and soil
microflora and microfauna populations. These changes have been shown to have an
impact on native species.
The introduction of fertilizers containing additional
microorganisms can potentially offset these negative impacts on sites where
several rotations of Eucalypts have been planted.
In a recently established Acacia hybrid plantation established on
a former Eucalypt site, a study was undertaken that included an underplanting
of Cassia occidentalis and the
addition to each plant of 20 grams of a microorganism fertilizer containing four fixed
nitrogen strains, three dissolved phosphate microorganism strains, eight
strains of micro-fungi, three strains of actinomycotina fungi and five bacterial strains.
After eight months, soil analyses showed that the soil quality and
characteristics had improved significantly. For example, soil pH had become neutral,
humus (or organic) content had increased from two to three times, total
phosphate content had increased at least two times, and total nitrogen content
had increased three times.
In addition the number of
microorganisms had also increased by two or more orders of magnitude.
The subsequent effect on
the Acacia hybrid trees was a 22%
increase in diameter (overbark, 1.3 metres), an increase of 12% and 98%
survival.
Keywords: Acacia hybrid productivity, Microorganism, Soil improvement
SURVEILLANCE OF ANTIFUNGAL
COMPOUNDS OF ACACIA AURICULIFORMIS LEAVES IN A FAMILY TRIAL IN THUA
THIEN HUE
PROVINCE
Pham Quang Thu,
Nguyen Hoang Nghia and Nguyen Van Nam
Forest
Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Acacia
auriculiformis is an important
introduced tree species used for reafforestation and land protection in many
areas of Vietnam. In addition, it provides a resource for the
domestic and international furniture manufacturing industry in Vietnam.
Several diseases have been identified that
affect A. auriculiformis. These
include pink disease caused by Corticium salmonicolor and wilt disease
caused by Ceratocystis spp.
Varieties of A. auriculiformis show
differing degrees of susceptibility to these diseases, varying from susceptible
to resistant. To gain an understanding
of the disease resistance mechanisms, a number of potentially anti-fungal
compounds were extracted from resistant varieties of A. auriculiformis.
Leaf samples were collected from a single
tree in each of 66 families in a trial established in 2008 in Binh Dien, Thua Thien
Hue Province. Leaf extracts were obtained using either MeOH
or CH2Cl2 solvents with better yields being obtained
using the former solvent.
To assess the efficacy of the extracts,
screening trials were used to compare their effect on cultures of the two
fungal diseases (pink disease and wilt disease) in the laboratory. Results indicated that 50 of 66 families
possessed antifungal compounds that suppressed fungal development of at least
one of the diseases. Further there were two
families (A10 and A15) with much high level of antifungal activities and 17
families with high level of antifungal activities (A4, A6, A9, A11, A12, A18, A25, A26, A32, A38, A40, A41,
A42, A44, A49, A53 and A54)
Thus it will be possible to identify
varieties A. auriculiformis that will be resistant to pink disease and
wilt disease through a simply analytical test that identifies the presence of
antifungal compounds contained leaf material.
Key words: Acacia auriculiformis,
MeOH, CH2Cl2, antifungal activity, Corticium salmonicolor, Ceratocystis
sp.
NEW INSECT PEST (XYLEUTES SP) IDENTIFIED
AS CAUSING GALL FORMATION ON STEMS AND BRANCHES OF RHIZOPHOZA APICULATA IN MANGROVE PLANTATIONS IN CAN GIO, HO CHI MINH
CITY
Pham Quang Thu and Le Van Binh
SUMMARY
A new insect
pest has been identified as causing galls on the stems and branches of the
Mangrove species Rhizophora apiculata
at Can Gio, Ho Chi Minh City. The
insect, a member of the genus Xyleutes (Family
Cossidae, Order Lepidoptera), has been observed in three to five years old
plantations affecting tree growth and causing some mortality.
The insect
can be identified by the following features:
Iridescent
wings, numerous black spots on the forewing, thread-like antennae, gray
compound eyes, ellipse shaped eggs, white larva with three pairs of chest feet
and five pairs of abdomen feet, a small horn piece on the larval head and tail
and dark brown pupae with a small hook on the tail.
Following
mating, the female lay eggs into scattered patches in the bark and base of
Mangrove branches. Three generations can occur annually; the first emerge
in mid‑December, the second from March to July and the third generation from
early August to mid‑December.
Laboratory tests indicated that control of
Xyleutes can be affected with the
insecticides Ofatox 400EC 0.25% and Trebon 10EC 0.25% with up to 100% mortality
of larvae within one day of treatment.
Further testing will be required before field applications can be
recommended.
Key words: Xyleutes sp.,
gall forming insect, Rhizophora apiculata,
plantation.
AN ECONOMIC ANALYSIS OF ACACIA HYBRID PLANTATIONS IN BAC KAN
PROVINCE.
Tran Duy Ruong
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Acacia hybrid plantations
have been established in the Nong Thinh commune, Cho Moi District, Bac Kan
Province, Vietnam to provide tree cover and environmental protection on
degraded hill sites and to supply economic benefits to local people via
increased revenue from the sale of wood products in the form of sawlogs for
solid wood products, pulp logs for paper production and wood chips for export.
Economic analysis of plantation production based on a seven year
rotation was undertaken using data gathered from nine study sites. The results indicated that wood yields varied
from 127.1 to 201.6 m3/ha, with an average volume of 167.5 m3/ha
or an average Mean Annual Increment of 23.9 m3/ha/yr. The monetary value was equivalent to
62,678,160 to 98,788,280 VND/ha, with the average being 82,172,130 VND/ha.
This represents an average Net Present Value was 33,478,560 VND/ha with
an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 29%.
This economic analysis of the benefits of Acacia hybrid plantations can be used as the basis for the
policymakers and farmers to evaluate their land use options for their
community.
Keywords: Acacia hybrid, Plantation, Economic effects.
PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL
PROPERTIES OF FIVE BAMBOO SPECIES IN NORTHERN VIETNAM
Nguyen Tu Kim and Nguyen Thi
Trinh
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Vietnam has a diverse flora including a large
number of Bamboo species. It is
estimated that there are 216 species covering 25 genera of Bamboo in Vietnam.
While Bamboo occurs naturally, it is also
widely planted as it is easy to propagate, is fast growing, reaches maturity
early and can be harvested several times.
Bamboo research has been undertaken over a long time in Vietnam and has
focused on botanical classification, genetic improvement and silvicultural
techniques.
Bambusa chungii, B. dissimulator, B.
sinospinosa, Dendrocalamus giganteus and
Indosasa parvifolia, have been
identified as species of particular high economic value and are now planted
widely in Northern Vietnam.
Studies of the physical and mechanical
properties of these species have been recently undertaken and the following
characteristics have been identified.
The use of air drying reduces shrinkage, resulting
in less cracking and dimensional distortion when processed or in use.
B.
sinospinos, D. giganteus, I. parvifolia grow
to quite large diameters with thick-wall
culms of moderate density, compressive strength parallel to grain and good
static bending qualities. These species
are suitable for use as building props, beams and in bridge building. However D. giganteus and I. parvifolia are very susceptible to termite attack and need to be subjected to a
preservation treatment immediately after cutting.
B. dissimulator, while slower growing, has thick-walled culms,
moderate density and physical and mechanical properties making it suitable for
use as purlins, poles, floors etc.
B. chungii is also slow growing but has relatively thin-wall
culms and lesser strength properties compared to the other four species,
however it can be used where bending and pulling are required.
Keywords: Bamboo physical and mechanical properties, Bambusa chungii,
Bambusa dissimulator, Bambusa sinospinosa, Dendrocalamus giganteus, Indosasa parvifolia.
EFFECTS OF TREATING WOOD WITH INORGANIC SILICATE COMPOUNDS: A REVIEW
Nguyen Thi Bich Ngoc and Nguyen Duy Vuong
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
This paper
summarizes the impacts on wood properties following treatment with inorganic
silicates.
In general
wood treated with silicates resisted attack by long-horned beetles (Cerambycidae) and rot
fungi, but did not provide protection against attack by termites.
Treatment
with silicates provided the wood with some fire retardant and water relent
properties but at the same time reduced the wood’s dimensional stability.
Keywords: A review, Slicate compounds
DETERMINING OPTIMUM CONDITIONS FOR FIBRE SEPARATION OF MELALEUCA CAJUPUTI MDF MANUFACTURE.
Bui Duy Ngoc, Ha Tien Manh, Nguyen Thi Minh
Xuan and Vu Dinh Thinh
Forest Products Processing Research Division,
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
The manufacture of medium
density fibre board (MDF) requires the breakdown of wood structures to separate
the individual fibres for reconstitution into MDF. A softening process in normally used to
separate the fibres and the degree recovery depends on the process used and
hence affects MDF quality.
Melaleuca (Melaleuca cajuputi) is a common raw
material for MDF manufacture in Vietnam
and fibre separation using various temperatures and timings affects the
process. In this study, temperatures of 1600C, 1800C,
or 2000C with treatment or softening times of 4,
8, or 12 minutes
all resulted in high rates of fibre separation and recovery.
The most favourable
conditions were the application of 1800C for 8 minutes. These conditions gave the optimum values for
such properties as internal bonding and module of rupture for the resulting MDF
board.
Keywords: Softening, Melaleuca cajuputi, Medium Density Fibre
board (MDF)
EFFECTIVENESS OF PRESERVATIVES TO CONTROL MOULD ON PINUS MASSONIANA LAMB WOOD
Nguyen Thi Hang, Vu
Van Thu and Pham Thi Thanh Mien
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Moulds
commonly attack and damage processed Pinus
massoniana Lamb wood destined for furniture manufacture. The treatment with anti-mould preservatives
offers one way to minimize or eradicate damage.
P. massoniana wood was treated
with several preservatives to assess their efficacy for control of mould.
Results indicated
that both the preservatives, XM5 and LN5, applied at 5 and 7% solutions,
provided protection against mould.
We would
recommend the treatment P. massoniana
wood with LN5 applied at a concentration of 5%.
Keywords: Wood preservatives, mould harmful Pinus
massoniana Lamb.
PROTECTING RATTAN HANDICRAFT AND FINE-HANDICRAFT PRODUCTS FROM INSECTS
AND FUNGI.
Nguyen Van Duc, Hoang Thi Tam, Dinh Van Tien and Phan Luong Ngoc
Forest Science Institute of Vietnam
SUMMARY
Rattan is widely used in handicraft and
fine-handicraft production in rural communities of Vietnam as a source of income. Rattan is susceptible to insect and mould
attack which degrades the product and reduces it commercial value.
Various chemical treatments are available to offer
protection from attack. Some of these
include XM5, LN5 and Cislin. (Cislin is a residual insecticide with
the Deltamethrin as the active constituent).
Research
results confirm that in combination of LN5 and Cislin applied at recommended rates
is effective in controlling insects and mould with only negligible
effects on physical and mechanical properties of Rattan and on the colours and
paints applied to the handicraft and fine-handicraft products.
Environmental effects of the preservatives were
negligible or undetectable.
Application of this research will contribute to
increasing the efficiency handicraft and fine-handicraft production and in the
use of the non-wood forest products, generating additional income and improving
rural living standards.
Keywords: Preservation, XM5, LN5, Cislin, Rattan, handicraft and
fine-handicraft products
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