Vietnam Journal of Forest Science Number 3-2015

The implementation of forestry research strategy (2008 – 2020) in Vietnam – the gaps and challenges

Vietnam Forestry Research Strategy during 2008 – 2020 has been more than half-way so far. A review of what has been done, what has not been to adjust and supplement, promote better implementation of the remaining phases is necessary. This article based on the reference selective and synthesis the results in forestry research in recent years, compared with three related documents are Decision approving of Forestry Development Strategy of Prime Minister, Forestry Research Strategy in Vietnam and Restructuring Project of forest sector has been approved by the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development with the quantitative targets for review and evaluation. Through that has drawn some of the contents of the implementation Strategy of the Vietnam Forestry Research were: (i) The main results has grown to be one of the main findings of the previous period; evaluation of environmental value, selected main species group and principal; improving seed quality improvement; planting techniques, intensive plantations. The gaps are the basic research, high-tech has less; (iii) The challenges are tree species component and germplasm are not diversified, indigenous species less attention; research staffs are shortage and disruption between generations; the autonomy of research under Decree 115/ND-CP unresolved; (iv) The priorities are investment for basic research, policy mechanism, sustainable forest management; forest products processing by high-tech; build modern laboratories combine with the training of leading scientists.

Keywords: Forestry Research Strategy, research priorities, gaps, results, challenges

Effect of concentrations of hormone IAA, IBA and NAA on the rooting rate and potting mixes on the growth of Pinus oocarpa

Pinus oocarpa Schiede ex Schlechtendal is a kind of large wood trees specices, which have a high prospect for economic afforestation. This study evaluated the effects of IAA; IBA; NAA at diffirence concentrations (0.5%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%) on the rooting rate of P. oocarpa and the effect of difirence potting mixes (CT1: 100% hilly soil, CT2: 75% hilly soil + 25% coir, CT3: 50% hilly soil + 50% coir, CT4: 25% hilly soil + 75% coir) on growing of P. oocarpa in the nursery state. For the cutting experiment, shoots of P. oocarpa with 6 – 8cm in length was collected from 2 – year-old mother trees planted in a greenhouse. After 5 months, the result showed that P. oocarpa cuttings was treated with group NAA had the higher of rooting percentage, the quantity of roots and the length of roots than group IAA and group IBA. The highest results was formed when the cuttings were treated with NAA 1.5%, reached 71.67% live and rooting cuttings, avarage number of roots 3.07 roots/cuttings and average of root lenghth 14.87cm. For the effect of difirence potting mixes, after 9 months, the best growing of P. oocarpa cuttings was in the potting mixe of 100% hilly soil, with survival percentage of 76.67%; 42.6cm in height and 0.47cm in diameter at stump height.

Keywords: Cutting propagation, Pinus oocarpa, hormone, potting mixe

Effects of fertilizer and light cover on growth of Fibraurea tinctoria Lour at the stage of nursery

Fibraurea tinctoria Lour is a woody vine, which has high economic and utilisation values. It is an important ingredient used in traditional and processed medicine to treat inflammatory, yellow fever, and gastrointestinal diseases. Results showed that survival and growth rate of seedlings were significantly higher in the treatment of applying dissolved NPK (5:10:3) in water with concentration of 5% every two months, in comparison with applying compost and control (no fertiliser). After 8 months of NPK application, survival rate, stem diameter at root collar (D_oo), and total height (H_vn) were 89.8%, 0.38cm and 21.09cm, respectively. Shading significantly affected survival and growth rates of F. tinctoria seedlings in the nursery. In the first 2 months after transplanting into pots, survival and growth rate of seedlings were significantly highest in the shading level of 75%; survival rate, D_oo and H_vn were 98.2%, 0.26cm and 11.73cm, respectively. In the period from 2 – 6 months after transplanting, shading level of 50% showed the best; survival rate, D_oo and H_vn were 91.7%, 0.34cm and 17.32cm, respectively. From 6 – 8 months after planting, shading level of 25% was most suitable; survival rate, D_oo and H_vn were 89.8%, 0.39cm and 21.2cm, respectively. After 8 months, shading can be removed totally for training seedlings before planting without any effect on survival and growth rate. Thus, fertiliser and light significantly affected survival and growth rates of F. tinctoria seedlings in the nursery.

Keyword: Fibraurea tinctoria, fertiliser, shading, seedling

Phenological characteristics of Eurycoma longifolia in Lam Dong, Vietnam

Eurycoma longifolia is a value medicine plant and has nature distribution in Lam Dong provine, Vietnam. This species is heavily exploited by local people and will be exhauted in the future. Plant phenology has special importantce in determining flowering time, fruit maturation time, fruit harvest. Our results showed that reproduction cycle of Eurycoma longifolia prolongs about 5 months of dry season; starts in January to May annual (Gregorian calendar). Flower bloom phase initiates from February to April, concentrating about 10 – 15 days. Mature fruit time starts in February to April and peaks in March; for about 10 – 15 days. Ripened fruit begins from April to May, peaks March 15 to April 15, in about 15 – 20 days. Bud phase initiates from April to August, for about 40 – 60 days. New buds appears from April to June annual, peaks in April to May, for about 15 – 20 days. Focus on ripe fruits should be harvested in March and April each year to cultivate seedlings.

Keywords: Eurycoma longifolia, medicinal plant, phenology,
Lam Dong provine

Research on dynamic structure of natural forests in the Vu Quang National Park – Ha Tinh province

This study was conducted in six permanent sample plots of evergreen broad-leaved natural forests in Vu Quang National Park, Ha Tinh province from 2007 to 2012. The findings shown that the dynamics of forest and its structure were relatively small in the study area. Although there was a change in dynamics of structure components, it was not significant. The structural dynamics of diameter distribution (N/D_1.3) had the small variation in the plots in relation to the distribution in number of trees at the small diameter-based category, which decreased small. A number of recruitments averaged at 9 trees per ha year^-1; while the average number of dead trees was 8 trees per ha year^-1; the rate of transition were relatively high and the average number was 17 trees per ha year^-1. This finding is very important for simulating the dynamics of the forest over the long term period.

Keywords: Dynamics, Ha Tinh province, natural forest, structure, Vu Quang National Park

Keywords: Silvicultural features, Castanopsis piriformis, Dak Nong.

Results on morphology of mangrove species in the Northern coastal region

There are 6 dominant species in natural and plantation mangrove forests in the Northern region of Vietnam, including: Rhizophora stylosa; Avicennia marina; Bruguiera gymnorrhiza; Kandelia abovata; Sonneratia caseolaris; Aegiceras corniculatum. To survive and develop in coastal regions, mangrove species have to change in morphology to adapt to hard environment, such as huge wave and wind, unstable site, intertidal regime, salinity,… The most prominent manifestation of the adaptive metamorphosis of mangrove species is fruit and root morphology. These features relate to survival capacity through propagules and adaptive capacity to the mudy, inundated environment through root system. Research results showed the adaptive metamorphosis indentification and classification in terms of morphology, ecology, root system and variety of 6 mangrove species in the Northern Coastal region into 4 groups.

The research results can be used as reference for selecting suitable species for plantation ensuring multiple goals of mangrove plantation in the coastal areas, linking with the development of high quality variety (transformed variety forest, variety forest and variety nursery), contributing to improve effectiveness of mangrove sustainable management and development.

Keyword: Mangrove species, metamorphosis, adaptation, propagule,
root system

Evaluating damage status, morphological characteristics and behavior of Leptoscybe invasa Fisher & La Salle causing eucalyptus gall wasp in Vietnam

Eucalyptus gall wasp was found on Eucalyptus urophylla × Eucalyptus camaldunensis, E. urophylla and E. camaldunensis in plantations under two years in 26 investigation locations. Damage level (P%) caused by this pest was from 26.8% to 57.2% and damage indicator (R_tb) from 0.3 to 2.2. Eucalyptus gall wasp has identified Leptocybe invasa Fisher & La Salle (Hymenoptera: Eulophiadae). Adult female averaged 1.36mm in length and ranged from 1.10 to 1.55mm; head and body black with slight blue to green metallic shine; antennae formula with one scape, one pedicel, four ring segments (or four anelli), three funicle and three claval segements and thinly trichoid antenna. Adult male: small size mean length 1.04mm, range from 0.90 to 1.2mm; head and body black with bluish to green metallic shine; antennae formula with one scape, one pedicel, three anelli, four funicle and three claval segements, antenna are slight brown and distinctly hairy antenna. Eggs are oval body and a long narrow anterior stalk, grayish white. In generally larvae undergo four ages, the larva grows, the first instar body length is from 0.08 to 0.19mm, mean length is from 0.20 to 0.38mm in second instar ages, the third instar larvae length ranges from 0.42 to 0.79mm, and length of at the fourth instar larvae is from 0.81 to 1.20mm. Pupae are milky, color of pupae changes over time transfers from enter milky cocoon to its final moulting stage, length from 0.80 to 1.21mm. Adult female laid eggs on young parts of the plant viz tender shoot, petiole and tender leaf midrib.

Keywords: Behavious, damage, Eucalyptus gall wasp, Leptocybe invasa, morphological characteristics

Biology and control of eucalyptus gall wasp Leptoscybe invasa Fisher & La Salle

The Eucalyptus gall wasp Leptoscybe invasa Fisher & La Salle causes galls on leaf midrib, petiole and stems of new shoots of eucalypt seedlings in nursery and in plantations under two years of age. It has a four- stage life cycle and goes through complete metamorphosis: adult, egg, larvae and pupae. Rairing gall wasp in laboratory at an average room temperature of 28.9^oC and humidity 78.5%, mean developmental time from egg laying to adult stage was 131.5 days (ranges from 123 to 140 days). The time of adult eucalyptus gall wasp emeges in year, there are three overlapping generations per year, generation 1 from mid April to early

June, generation 2 from mid August to mid October, generation 3 from late November to at the end of December. Control of gall wasp by yellow sticky traps are most effective (128.1 wasps/trap), the red sticky traps are lowest (24.8 wasp/trap), the remaining sticky traps with green, blue and white color ranges from 24.8 wasps/trap to 54.3 wasps/trap; using chemical prevent eucalyptus gall wasp after four spraying times compare with control (distill water), the result shown that Actara 25WG chemical is most effective (0.8 wasps), followed by effect of Confidor 100SL chemical (2.0 wasps); Penalty chemical (2.3 wasps) and control is 14.2 wasps alive.

Key words: Leptoscybe invasa, biology characteristics, eucalyptus gall wasp, control

Isolating and screening bacterial endophytes producing growth regulator Indole-3 – Acetic Acid (IAA) and antifungal compounds against fusarium oxysporum damping-off disease of Pinus merkusii

Endophytic microorganisms in plant tissues, which are not harmful to host plant, could produce bioactive substances such as growth regulators, antibiotics, folic acid groups… These compounds promote beneficial effects for the life of the host plants, stimulate the growth of plant, inhibit the growth of pathogens and enhance the resistance of trees. Isolating and screening endophytes from Pinus merkusii, which are capable of synthesizing IAA and antibiotics, is very essential and have both scientific and practical significance. From the 20 branch samples, 36 Strains of bacterial endophytes were isolated, in which 2 strains of endophytes QI₁ and QI₂₄ having high bioactive activities were selected, QI₁ was identified as Pseudomonas fluorescens, which had the ability to produce IAA with 11.872 mg/l. Strain QI₂₄ was identified as Bacillus subtilis which produced antifungal metabolies against Fusarium oxysporum causing damping off of pine, inhibition ring diameter after 10 days was 22mm, production of IAA reached 5.312 mg/l. Both strains QI₁ and QI₂₄ are likely to grow in normal condition to produce biofertilizer to stimulate growth and control damping off for pines.

Keywords: Pinus merkusii, endophyte, Indole-3 – acetic acid, resisting pathogens

Study on the production of multi-racial microorganism inoculum and evaluating its effectiveness for producing Pinus merkusii seedlings in the nursery

Pine is a multi-purpose tree, which can generate economic benefits and also protect the environment. However, there is a variety of diseases that pines can suffer in the nursery such as yellow stunted growth by lack of fungal symbiotic association, damping off by Fusarium oxysporum. Producing multi-racial microorganism inoculum can help stimulate the growth and reduce diseases of Pinus merkusii, meet the demand to produce high quality seedlings for reforestation. Multi-racial microorganism preparation including 35% apatite powder, 35% humus, 5g Pisolithus tinctorius symbiotic fungi, 500ml IAA bacteria solution, 500ml microbes decompose phosphate bacteria solution, 500ml antagonistic bacteria pathogenic fungi bacteria solution, 500ml symbiotic bacteria liquyd nitrogen fixed, 20% Potassium polyacrylamide brought the highest microbial density and activity. The microbial density of the inoculum remained nearly unchanged when stored at room temperature in a period of 6 months. Using 2gr of the inoculum per seedling, after 2 month there was insignificant difference in height and stem diameter. After 4 months, 6 months and 8 months, using the inoculum resulted in outstanding results of height and stem diameter (23% and 28% in height compared to the control formula). Pinus merkusii after 8 months was 22.6cm in height and 4.12mm in stem diameter, had lowest rate of disease and highest rate of symbiotic than any other microbial and control formulas.

Keywords: Pinus merkusii, Multi-racial microorganism inoculum, seedling

Preventive action against rotting fungi and wood boring insects of PU coating enhanced with dispersed nano particles of TiO₂, SiO₂, ZnO, Nanoclay

Nano particles are dispersed in PU coating material. The wood specimens of Styrax tonkinensis were treated by coating layers of nano particles-dispersed PU and subjected to standard test method with the rotting fungi Pleurotus ostreatus and the house termite Coptotermes gestroi. Resistance was graded according to criteria from the standard test methods. Good -grade resistance was observed with treatments of TiO₂, ZnO and Nanoclay nanoparticles, against the tested termite. Against Pleurotus ostreatus, PU coating enhanced by ZnO 0.1%, TiO₂ (<100nm in size) 0.1% and hydrophilic nanoclay 0.5% were treatments with good – grade resistance.

Keywords: Wood preservation, PU coating, nanoparticles