Vietnam Journal of Forest Science Number 4-2014

Phan Thị Mỵ Lan,Nguyễn Xuân Cường
Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Nam Bộ

Pinus merkusii is a species with high economic value, on the other hand pine has the ability to grow and thrive on poor soil, bad drought. Therefore, somatic embryogenesis techniques through immature embryos culture were studied and applied to create large volumes of flow desired trees to provide production. Factors influencing initiation and proliferation of embryonal tissues of Pinus merkussi were studied. Embryogenesis ratio 25.3% to 40.0% of somatic embryos were achieved when immature zygotic embryos were cultured on LVM medium supplemented with 2,4 – D 2.0mg/l and BA 1.0mg/l. Somatic embryo formation rate has been improved up to 37.6 – 58.3% when replaced BA 1.0mg/l by 24 – epibrassinolide 1.0mg/l. Optimum medium for fast coppiced in all lines was associated with LVM combined 2,4 – D (2,0mg/l) and BA (1,0mg/l), fresh weigh increased from 2.58 to 3.89 time in the first week. The number of somatic embryos 40.0 to 58.3/1g of fresh weight of embryogenic tissue depending on lines on maturation medium LVM combined with ABA from 80 to 90μM.

Keyword: Pinus merkusii, somatic embryogenesis, 24 – epibrassinolide, 2,4 – dichlorophenoxyacetic acid

Genetic control of growth traits in Eucalyptus pellita at Bau Bang, Binh Duong

Trần Hữu Biển¹, Nguyễn Đức Kiên²,
Hà Huy Thịnh², Ngô Văn Chính^2
1Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Thực nghiệm Lâm nghiệp Đông Nam Bộ
²Viện Nghiên cứu Giống và Công nghệ sinh học Lâm nghiệp

 Eucalyptus pellita is a fast growing and highly pest and disease resistant and suitable for central coast and south east Vietnam. Objectives of the study were to evaluate growth potential and feasibility of genetic improvement of this species in the South Eeast. The study was based on an 104 family progeny – provenance trial planted in 2002 in Bau Bang, Binh Duong province. Results of the study confirmed that E. pellita is a promising species for the South East. The improved seed sources from seedling seed orchard grew faster than unimproved seed sourcesfrom natural forest. Heritability of diameter increased with ages, ranging from 0.10 to 0.25 while it remained stable for height, about 0.20. Phenotypic correlation of diameter between age 3 and 6 was 0.86; age 3 and 10 was 0.51; and age 6 and 10 was 0.90. Genetic gain of stem volume would have increased 13 – 15% if 5 – 10% best trees had been selected in the progeny trial at 6 years old.

Key words: Eucalyptus pellita, heritability, genetic gain

Triệu Thị Thu Hà, Cấn Thị Lan, Đồng Thị Ưng
Viện Nghiên cứu Giống và Công nghệ sinh học Lâm nghiệp

Micropropagation is an useful technique for mass propagation in clonal forestry. Study on tissue culture propagation to optimize protocol and supply genetically improved varieties for plantations of some selected clones of A. auriculiformis, such as Clt18, Clt7, Clt26, and Clt57 have been conducted. The process was started with explant sterilization using HgCl2 at 0.1% and soaked segments of axillary shoots in 5 minutes. The result achieved 31.9% of shoot proliferation and 40.1% of contamination. The medium MS* + 1.0mg/l BAP + 0.50mg/l NAA was sucessfully used for inducing the adventitious shoots with maximum 6 shoots per clump, which equals to average multiplication rate of 2.1 and adventitious shoot percentage of 48.3%. The best rooting responses were observed in the medium 1/2MS* supplemented with 2.0mg/l IBA and the rooting rate reached to 95.3%. Other option for rooting was in vivo root by using the commercial product named as TTG containing 1.0% IBA for the standard microshoots. The rooted plantlets were acclimatized in 6 – 10 days before transferring to nursery and obtained successfully survival rate up to 85.9%.

Keywords: Acacia auriculiformis, micro – propagation, tissue culture, axillary shoot, adventitious shoot, multiplication rate and rooting

Ngô Thị Minh Duyên, Đỗ Thị Thu, Trần Hồ Quang
Viện Nghiên cứu Giống và Công nghệ Sinh học Lâm nghiệp

Regeneration from somatic embryogenesis for selected clone of Eucalyptus urophylla hybrid have been successfully studied. Materials for regeneration study were obtained from leaves and stem segments of in – vitro shoot after subculture of 18 – 22 days. The study results showed that percentages of callus formation on MS medium supplement with 2.4D 4mg/l and BAP 3mg/l are 87.9% và 90.5 % for stem segments and leaves, respectively. Callus clusters were transfered to embryonic induction medium with BAP 4mg/l and NAA 0.5 mg/. Embryonic cluster continue to be transfered to shoot induction medium containing BAP 1mg/l và NAA 0.5mg/l for six weeks. The medium has shoot induction abilities are 53.3% and 62.9% from stem segments and leaves (respectively). Shoots were then transfered to root induction medium (1/2MS + IBA 2mg/l and NAA 1mg/l) to form complete plant and this medium has highest rooting rate of 78.3%.

Keywords: Eucalyptus uropylla hybrid, somatic embryogenesis, tissue culture

Trịnh Ngọc Bon¹, Phạm Quang Tuyến¹, Nguyễn Đức Tưng^2
1Viện Nghiên cứu Lâm sinh
²Chi cục Kiểm lâm Tuyên Quang

The forests of Na Hang Nature Reserve, Tuyen Quang Province, have a rich and diverse flora that includes many valuable species. In this study, we combined surveys in 2013 and 2014 with previous references related to forest tree diversity in this area, especially the lists of flora in Na Hang Nature Reserve, to quantify the diversity in the reserve. There was a total of 1,357 vascular plant species, including 74 high – value tree species, which was equivalent to 5.45% of total species richness in Na Hang. There were 62 species on the Vietnam Red list (2007), 25 species on the Decree No 32/2006 list, and 10 species on the IUCN 2014 list. The species in Na Hang Nature Reserve belong to three vascular plant classes, and are distributed across 40 families and 60 different genera. These species distributed across nine life forms, with the predominant forms being woody plants (43 species), then herbaceous plants (26 species), shrubs (3 species), and climbers (3 species). In terms of resources, there are 38 species which can be used for timber; 34 species used for medicine; 15 species used for their aesthetics; nine species used for food; six species used for oil; three species used for tannins; one species that is used for its construction values and one species that is poisonous.

Key words: Na Hang Nature Reserve, rare species, vegetation diversity, conservation

Đào Ngọc Quang, Đặng Như Quỳnh
Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Bảo vệ rừng, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

From 45 samples of Pinus merkusii needle (30 plants resistant and 15 plants susceptible to Dendrolimus punctatus), isolated 15 endophytic fungi strains and 19 endophytic bacteria strains. There are clear differences in the composition and density of endophytic microorganisms between resistant and susceptible host plants. In resistant plants, more diverse endophytic microorganisms composition, with 8 endophytic fungi and 13 endophytic bacteria strains appear only in the resistant plants, only 3 endophytic fungi and 3 endophytic bacteria strains appear only in the susceptible plants, the remaining 4 endophytic fungi and 3 endophytic bacteria strains appear in both host plants. Moreover, the density of endophytic bacteria in resistant plants is much higher than in susceptible plants (highest and lowest density of endophytic bacteria in resistant plants is 8.6 x 10⁸ CFU/g and 3.7 x 10⁵ CFU/g, respectively; whereas in susceptible plants the highest density is only 1.3 x 10⁵ CFU/g). Results about rearing the D. punctatus by P. merkusii needle were sprayed with a solution containing endophytic microorganism strains (NT1, NT7, KT1, KT8, KT10, KT12) isolated from the resistant plants showed that these strains may increase resistance in P. merkusii to D. punctatus through activity produces toxic chemical ingredients for or repel or prevent the attack of D. punctatus.

Key words:  Dendrolimus punctatus, endophytic microorganisms, Pinus merkusii, resistant plant, susceptible plant

Phạm Quang Thu, Lê Văn Bình, Phạm Duy Long và Nguyễn Hoài Thu
Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Bảo vệ rừng, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Four year old Acacia mangium plantation in Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province are infested by a longhorn beetle causing severe impact on growth, productivity and wood quality. The longhorn beetle is identified as Chlorophorus sp., (genus Chlorophus, family Cerambycidae, order Coleoptera). The female beetle ranges from 10 to 15mm in length, male body 8 – 12mm. There are two horizontal black stripes on the wings dividing the wings into 3 parts, egg is opalescence and has elongated shape; larvae’s average length is 12.5m and their average width is 2.5mm. Pupa is first milky white and it then turns into opalescence with average length of 13mm and width of 3mm. Young larvae make tunnels in the inner bark of trunks and then bore into the sapwood at the final instar for pupating. This species is a new record associated with Acacia mangium plantations in Luong Son district, Hoa Binh province and has the potential to cause serious losses to the Acacia mangium plantation sector in Vietnam.

Keywords: Cerambycidae, Chlorophorus sp., Acacia mangium, stem borer

Bùi Thị Thủy
Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Macrotermes annandalei, Macrotermes barneyi and Microtermes pakistanicus are major insect pests at newly Acacia mangium Willd plantations in Hoa Binh and Acacia hybrid plantations in Phu Tho. The caste ratio in foraging termites, suitable foods and termite foraging depth in-situ in first rotation forest and following rotation forest were investigated. Data suggested that major workers constitute the main part in the foraging termites of Termitidae family. The caste proportion varied greatly, depending on species and the types of forest. Worker account for approximately 80% and solders account for 20% of the foraging termites. It is possible to attract termite individuals to the collecting trap by using suitable food, of which branches and leaves of (Dicranopteris linearis) and acacia placed in 10 – 30cm depth could be a good choice.

Keywords: Termite, caste ratio, food

Nguyễn Văn Khiết
Trường Cán bộ quản lý Nông nghiệp và PTNT 1

The study results showed a significant difference in the level of demand and the actual level of a number of factors affecting plantation business to achieve the highest efficiency. Specifically, for the group of technical factors: the ratio (%) between the actual level and the required level just achieved from 84.4% to 94.4% respectively with each influencing factors in the two provinces of Quang Ninh and Phu Tho (assessed by forest planters). Integrating all the influencing factors get only 59.9% on avergage, or in other words the status of technical factors in the locals only meet 59.9% compared to the requirements. For the group of economic – social factors: the disparity between the required level and the real level is relatively large at the study sites. In fact, the percentage (%) difference ranged from 76.9% to 100% with respect to each factor influence. Integrating the only factor reached 57.9%, or in other words the status of socio – economic factors in the locals only meet 57.9% compared to the requirements. The main solutions improving the efficiency of plantation is that implementing activities to increase from the current rate up to 100% to ensure effective plantation reaches the maximum value.

Key words: Productive plantation, evaluate the effectiveness, the mountainous Northern areas of Vietnam

Nguyễn Tài Luyện
Trường Đại học Hùng Vương

Based on the investigation of 30 representative plots across different forest stands in Hoang Su Phi district, Ha Giang province, the study identifiedd some structural characteristics of up – stream protection forest of Chay river. The forest composition over different states includes major plant species such as Tram (Syzygium hancei Merr. & Perry), Khao vang (Machilus bonii Lecomte), De gai (Castanopsis armata (Roxb.) Spach), Soi phang (Lithocarpus fissus Champ. ex Benth), etc. While the trees of IIa restoration forest state has the lowest average height of 8.2m, the IIIb forest state has the highest of 17.24m. In addition, at both IIIA2 and IIIA3, the forest canopy cover is the highest at 85%, in constrast, that is the lowest at 44% for the state of IIa. In term of forest cover criteria, IIIA1 forest state has the highest at 90%, but IV forest state has lowest value of 45%. The average cover of forest floor layer of whole stands is above 50%, while the highest of that for state of IIIA1, and the lowest for state of IIA2 and IIb are 90% and 50%, respectively.

Keywords: Forest structure, up – stream protection forest, Chay River

Phan Minh Quang, Nguyễn Kim Trung, Nguyễn Huy Hoàng
Nguyễn Thị Thúy Hường, Hồ Trung Lương,
Phạm Tiến Dũng, Phạm Quang Tuyến
Viện Nghiên cứu Lâm sinh – Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Natural forests at Thu Cuc commune, Tan Son district, Phu Tho province are classified as poor (in terms of wood volume) and have low biodiversity. Forest states are primarily Ia, Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa1 and mixed forests of timber and bamboo species. Species composition is simple and is mainly Mallotus apelta, Macaranga denticulatus, Mallotus barbatus, Vernonia arborea, Litsea cubeba. Natural regeneration is of poor quality and quantity and includes mainly light – demanding pioneer species. Based the forest states in the research area, the project aimed to establish pilot models of forest enrichment by planting native broadleaf tree species including Erythrophleum fordii, Michelia mediocris, Manglietia conifera, Dipterocarpus retusus, and Parashorea chinensis. Nineteen months after planting, survival rates were above 75% and the proportion of surviving trees that are fast – growing and healthy is over 85% in all of pilot models.

Keywords: Forest enrichment, growth, native species, Thu Cuc

Nguyễn Thị Dương¹, Đặng Thịnh Triều², Nguyễn Anh Dũng¹, Lương Thế Dũng³
[1] Trung tâm Khoa học Lâm nghiệp vùng Trung tâm Bắc Bộ
2 Viện Nghiên cứu Lâm sinh
3 Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Lâm sản ngoài gỗ

The scientific name of the species is Knema pierrei Ward, which belongs to Myristicaceae familiy. The species is a multi – purpose and indigenous tree species. Currently, the number of the species in natural forests and secondary forest is quite limited anh has not yet widely studied. In addition, the demand on forest development using indigenous tree species has significantly increased, which leads to the fact that basic studies to improve planting techniques for the species should be under consideration. As such, the study on the effect of light intensity to the growth of Knema pierrei Ward is very neccessary. The use of light covers is to reduce temperature, increase the air humidity. The temperature, the air humidity, and soil temperature under the light covers significantly depend on light intensity. The survival rate of Knema pierrei Ward ranging from 0 to 4 months was effected by light intensity. Experiment results in this study showed that if trees received smaller than 7.85% of light intensity, the survival rate of seedlings was above 82.2%. The light intensity directly effecting on seedlings was 29.5%, the survival rate was strongly declined to below 50%; and there were no light covers, the seedlings were 5.6%. The level of light intensity also had significantly effects to the growth of diameter at breast height, and tree height. Knema pierrei Ward at the age from 0 to 2 months needs to be highly covered, which supported the seedlings receiving below 7.85% of light intensity for optimal growth of the root collar diameter and tree height. From 3 to 4 months, the seedlings need more light. Achieving 23.96% of light intensity, the seedlings showed the best growth of the root collar diameter, and tree height; and the average dried biomass stock per seedling was maximum.

Keywords: Tree species, light intensity, Knema pierrei, growth, survival rate

Phạm Ngọc Dũng
Văn phòng Đoàn ĐBQH và HĐND tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế

The research results have identified that the wetland area for mangrove plantation of Thua Thien Hue province is 2,765.8ha, including the largest area of the low tidal aquaculture pond with 2,502.5ha, occupied 90.48% of the total area; the area belonging to the lagoon with 206.9ha, 7.48%; estuary area with 40.4ha, 1.46% and the smallest area of the coast, only 16.0ha, accounting for 0.57%. The mangrove land of Thua Thien Hue province is generally sour; mechanical composition of sandy soil type with the fluctuation sand rate of average 80 – 90%; with rich potassium, but the concentration of phosphate, total nitrogen and humus with the large fluctuation, from the poor level to the medium level, depending on the region. Soil in the estuary, coastal area and aquaculture pond is more nutritious than in the lagoon. According to the salinity, the mangrove land is divided into 05 regions.

Keywords: Tidal regime, salinity, terrain, mangrove, Thua Thien Hue.

Trần Duy Rương, Nguyễn Thị Thu Hà
Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Kinh tế Lâm nghiệp, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Law on forest protection and development launched in 2004, this is the legal framework provides for the management, protection, rights and obligations of stakeholders in the management and protection of forest resources. In fact, the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development has many issues, not come to life, because some of the terms of the law is not strict, local implementation is not good. This article is written on the status of the implementation of the Law on Forest Protection and Development in the management of natural forests allocated to households in Bac Kan. The author has uncovered a number of shortcomings in the law some specific thing like that: Taxation of forest resources and c, Clause 2 of Article 56; Clause 2 of Article 60; Clause 4 of Article 69; Clause 3 of Article 70 of the Law on the protection and development of forests and the implementation of laws that are insufficient. The author provides some additional recommendations to the Law on Forest Protection and Development.

Key words: Law on Forest Protection and Development, household, forest allocation, Bac Kan.

Nguyễn Văn Dưỡng, Vũ Thị Hoàng Phương
Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Lâm sản ngoài gỗ, Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Based on indigenous knowledge and chemical characteristics of chlorophyll composition, we conducted experiments on using saturated steam to treat chlorophyll from fresh star anise fruit in laboratory and piloting. The fresh anise fruit were steamed at different temperature: 110 ± 2oC; 115 ± 2oC; 120 ± 2oC; 125 ± 2oC, and 130 ± 2oC. The results showed that: 1 – the time needed to treat chlorophyll on the surface of fresh star anise fruits inversely correlated with temperature of saturated steam used; 2 – Underdone steaming the anise fruit surface retains light green color, while overheating leads to distorting surface with mushiness and dark black color. Under laboratory conditions, corresponding to above mentioned temperature of saturated steam; chlorophyll treatment process took from 36 to 61 seconds. Under pilot conditions with an equipment of 400kg/hour, the time required for treatment is from 70 to 90 seconds. The loss of essential oil during chlorophyll treating process with using saturated steam was estimated at. 3.71 – 4.02% of total amount of essential oil in star anise fruit in laboratory, while this number was 3.85 – 4.27% at pilot scale. Although the essential oil loss was higher than that in boiling water method – which was 2.82 – 3.22%, the essential oil content of dried star anise fruit after chlorophyll treatment by steaming is higher than that required for exporting.

Key words: Saturated steam, cholorophyll treatment, fresh star anise fruit, essential oil loss.

Hoàng Thanh Sơn^1*, Hoàng Danh Trung², Trần Minh Hợi³, Đỗ Ngọc Đài^4
1Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam
²Khoa Sinh học, Đại học Vinh
³Viện Sinh thái và Tài nguyên Sinh vật, Viện Hàn lâm Khoa học và Công nghệ Việt Nam
⁴Khoa Nông Lâm Ngư, Đại học Kinh tế Nghệ An

The samples leaf, bark and fruit of Zanthoxylum laetum was collected from Pu Mat National Park in May 2013 was isolated by steam distillation to give oil yield 0.5%, 0.4 and 1.0%, respectively and analyzed by Capillary GC and GC/MS. Thirty two components have been identified accounting more than 95.9% of the oil from leaf. The major constituents of this oil appeared to be limonene (31.2%), sabinene (21.5%), β – pinene (9.0%) and α – pinene (7.9%). Twenty two components were identified in stems, which presented about 95.0% of the total composition of the oil. The major constituents of the essential oil were sabinene (52.9%), α – pinene (12.2%), germacrene D (4.9%) and limonene (3.7%). In the essential oil of the fruits identified forty three components which presented about 95.3% of the total. Geranyl acetate (30.4%), limonene (13.3%), sabinene (11.6%) and geraniol (8.3%) are major components of fruit.

Keywords: Zanthoxylum laetum, essential oil, National Park, Pu Mat.

Nguyễn Văn Dưỡng, Vũ Thị Hoàng Phương, Trịnh Bích Hảo
Trung tâm Nghiên cứu Lâm sản ngoài gỗ

In Vietnam, so far, anise oil is manufactured in the same way of home – made alcohol distillery, by batch distillation with using the rudimentary hand – made distillers. In our experiment the separation of anise oil conducted by steam distillation, the science of which is based on the disparity in density of water and the essential oil distillate in two-phase system, allowing for separation of oil from water by decantation. Moreover, the anise oil is insoluble and hard – hydrolysable in water. The temperature of saturated steam used in experiment is in the range of 111 – 150oC. The experimental results showed that time by steam distillation inversely proportional to the steam temperature. If by steam from 141 to 150oC is conducted the distillation, the technological time can be shortened by 4, 7 times as compared to boiling water distillation. In the temperature range of 111 – 150oC the yield of oil obtained is not dependent on the steam temperature. The indices of physical and chemical properties of the oil obtained on our experimental lines are not different as compared with laboratory distillation.

Key words: Steam distillation of essential oil, pilot production, star anise essential oil

Lương Văn Tiến, Hoàng Văn Thành, Vũ Hoàng Phương
Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Biodiesel could be produced from different kinds of fatty material, mostly from vegetable oils, animal fat oils, recycled cooking oils. The results of the study presented in this article showed that the seed oil of Aleurites moluccana has the potential as raw materials for biodiesel production. The biodiesel technological manufacturing includes two stages: First stage: esterification of fatty acides with methanol in the presence of sulfuric acid used as catalyst. Second stage: triglycerit converted into methyl ester of fatty acid (FAME), that is biodiesel.

The analysis results show that the quality of biodiesel from Aleurites moluccana seed oil satisfied diesel standard (EN 590) and biodiesel standard (EN 14214 and ASTM D6751) in general. It could be used as fuel for diesel engine.

Analysis results of the gas released from the generator with using biodiesel from Aleurites moluccana seed oil shows that the content of toxic components decreasedas following: (i) CO2 content by 30%; (ii) CO content by 50% and (iii) Hydrocacbon content by 20%.

Key words: Biodiesel, Aleurites moluccana seed oil, Aleurites moluccana (L.) Willd, esterification, transeterification

Nguyễn Hồng Minh, Hoàng Văn Phong
Viện Nghiên cứu Công nghiệp rừng – Viện Khoa học Lâm nghiệp Việt Nam

Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium veneers were impregnated with N – methylol (Dimethylol dihydroxy ethyleneurea – DMDHEU) and Cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) following the conditions of vacuum at 0.3kgf/cm2 for 1.5h and pressure at 7kgf/cm2 for 1.5h. The impregnated veneer were then dried to moisture content of 10 – 12% and treated at temperatures of 120oC – 2h and 103oC – 24 respectively. The subterranean termite Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki was applied for testing durability of the treated veneers. After 9 weeks of testing, the samples were collected to evaluate the resistance against to subterranean termite following the criteria of mass loss and mark system. The DMDHEU treated veneer with weight percent gain (wpg) at 9.4% và 14.7% resulted respectively the mass loss 5.1% và 0.8% due to termite attack, while untreated veneers got mass loss 9.5%. The results showed a similar level of mass loss 5.5% and 1.1% in the case of Acacia mangium veneers treated with DMDHEU when the wpg reached respectively 8.3% 13.8%, the mass loss of control was 12.8%. When Eucalyptus urophylla and Acacia mangium veneers treated with CNSL, the weight percent gained up to 52.2 – 52.6% resulted almost no mass loss (0.2%/mark 10) showing very durable due to termite attack. In overall, the thermo – chemically treated veneers with DMDHEU at wpg 13.8 – 14.7% and CNSL at 52.2% can be very durable against to termite attack.

Keywords: Acacia Mangium, Cashew nut shell liquid, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, Dimethylol dihydroxyethyleneurea (DMDHEU), Eucalyptus urophylla, N – methylol, termite, veneer