<\/p>\n
I. Gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u chung <\/strong> <\/p>\n Chi Macadamia g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt l\u00e0 Macadamia tetraphylla, v\u00e0 M. integrifolia, thu\u1ed9c H\u1ecd Proteaceae, h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t \u0110i\u1ec1u. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2y l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng v\u00e0 \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ho\u00e1 nh\u01b0 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, ca cao, cao su… <\/p>\n M\u1eafc ca nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n \u1edf bang Queensland n\u01b0\u1edbc \u00fac , ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u00e2u \u00c2u \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn \u00fac g\u1ecdi c\u00e2y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 Gi\u1ebb Queensland, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf Ha-oai t\u1ea1o ra h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u quy m\u00f4 l\u1edbn, tr\u00ean th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang t\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0 qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4 Ha-oai. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n d\u1ec5 ti\u1ebfp thu, ch\u00fang t\u00f4i \u0111\u1ec1 ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean cho lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y n\u00e0y l\u00e0 c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca, c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi n\u00e0y b\u00e1m s\u00e1t t\u00ean khoa h\u1ecdc, do \u0111\u00f3 \u00edt g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho giao d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf, l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi c\u00e1ch g\u1ecdi t\u00ean c\u00e2y \u1edf mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. <\/p>\n Ha-oai tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y gh\u00e9p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, c\u00e2y cho qu\u1ea3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 3, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u sai qu\u1ea3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 10, \u0111\u1ebfn tu\u1ed5i 12 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i t\u0103ng g\u1ea5p \u0111\u00f4i so v\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i 10. Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sai qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i 60 v\u00e0 tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd c\u00e2y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn 100 n\u0103m. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t th\u00ec tu\u1ed5i 5 ho\u1eb7c 6 m\u1edbi cho qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n. Tr\u1ed3ng th\u1eed b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t \u1edf Ba V\u00ec (H\u00e0 T\u00e2y) \u0111\u00e3 cho qu\u1ea3 s\u1edbm h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t ch\u00fat, kho\u1ea3ng 4 \u0111\u1ebfn 5 tu\u1ed5i. Qu\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00e1i \u0111\u00e0o, ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 h\u00f2n bi, khi ch\u00edn v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb xanh sang n\u00e2u, v\u1ecf kh\u00f4 t\u1ef1 n\u1ee9t, b\u00ean trong ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t h\u1ea1t, hi\u1ebfm khi c\u00f3 2-3 h\u1ea1t. N\u1ebfu qu\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 ch\u1ee9a 1 h\u1ea1t th\u00ec h\u1ea1t tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t nh\u00e3n. V\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e1ng b\u00f3ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t s\u1edf, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh h\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 2-3 cm, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u01b0\u01a1i kho\u1ea3ng 8-9 gram. <\/p>\n Th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u1eefu \u00edch l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1t m\u1ea7u s\u1eefa tr\u1eafng ng\u1ea3 v\u00e0ng, chi\u1ebfm g\u1ea7n 1\/3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t. Theo k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch c\u1ee7a Wenkham v\u00e0 Miller n\u0103m 1965, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng trong nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1t M\u1eafc-ca nh\u01b0 sau: <\/p>\n Ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o 78,2% <\/p>\n C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng 10% <\/p>\n C\u00e1c h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea1m(protein) 9,2% <\/p>\n H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc 1,5-2,5 % (nh\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n Kali 0,37% <\/p>\n Ph\u00f4t-pho 0,17% <\/p>\n Ma-nh\u00ea 0,12% <\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra trong m\u1ed7i kg nh\u00e2n h\u1ea1t M\u1eafc-ca c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a Can-xi 360mgr, L\u01b0u hu\u1ef3nh 66 mgr, S\u1eaft d\u1ec5 ti\u00eau 18 mgr, K\u1ebdm 14 mgr, \u0111\u1ed3ng 3,3 mgr, v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i Vitamin nh\u01b0 Vitamin pp 16 mg, Vitamin B1 2,2 mg, Vitamin B2 2,2 mg; c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u sau n\u00e0y c\u00f2n cho bi\u1ebft th\u00eam: trong nh\u00e2n M\u0103c-ca c\u00f2n ch\u1ee9a m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Vitamin E r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn: 6,4 – 18 g\/kg nh\u00e2n. <\/p>\n N\u1ebfu so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o sau khi rang c\u1ee7a l\u1ea1c nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 44,8%, h\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u 47%, h\u1ea1nh nh\u00e2n 51%, h\u1ea1t h\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0o 63% th\u00ec h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u b\u00e9o 78% trong nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng l\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n h\u1eb3n. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng acid b\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng no trong d\u1ea7u M\u0103c-ca l\u00ean t\u1edbi 84% ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ee9ng sau d\u1ea7u S\u1edf (97%) \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 ch\u1ea5t b\u00e9o m\u00e0 th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t coi tr\u1ecdng v\u00ec \u00edt d\u1eabn t\u1edbi nguy c\u01a1 t\u00edch t\u1ee5 colesteron trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nhu c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i trong m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m. <\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n M\u0103c-ca kh\u00f4ng nh\u1eefng b\u00e9o ng\u1eady, v\u1edbi 9% protein 10% h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca c\u00f2n c\u00f3 v\u1ecb ng\u1ecdt v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t b\u00f9i v\u00e0 thoang tho\u1ea3ng m\u00f9i th\u01a1m c\u1ee7a b\u01a1 s\u1eefa b\u00f2 r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. <\/p>\n Nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca r\u00f2n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ee9ng nh\u01b0 h\u1ea1t \u0111i\u1ec1u hay nh\u00e2n l\u1ea1c, d\u00f9ng \u0103n s\u1ed1ng, lu\u1ed9c rang ho\u1eb7c x\u00e0o n\u1ea5u v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1eb7n \u0111\u1ec1u r\u1ea5t ngon, \u0111\u1ed9n v\u00e0o kem c\u1ed1c, k\u1eb9o S\u00f4 c\u00f4-la, b\u00e1nh ga-t\u00f4 v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ed3 ng\u1ecdt kh\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0m cho c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n n\u00e0y t\u0103ng h\u1eb3n gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Ch\u00fang t\u00f4i cho r\u1eb1ng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng nh\u00e2n M\u0103c-ca \u0111\u1ec3 th\u1ed5i x\u00f4i, n\u1ea5u ch\u00e8, l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n b\u00e1nh d\u1ebbo, b\u00e1nh n\u01b0\u1edbng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u1ed5 truy\u1ec1n d\u00e2n t\u1ed9c kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1ea1o th\u00eam s\u1ee9c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn cho c\u00e1c m\u00f3n v\u0103n ho\u00e1 \u1ea9m th\u00fac truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a ta. Tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, M\u1eafc ca \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a l\u00ean b\u00e0n \u0103n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c gia \u0111\u00ecnh gi\u1ea7u c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c y\u1ebfn ti\u1ec7c sang tr\u1ecdng. <\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ch\u00ednh, v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 M\u0103c-ca ch\u1ee9a 14% ta-nin, 8-10% protein, sau khi chi\u1ebft xu\u1ea5t ta-nin b\u1eb1ng n\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00f3ng, v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m th\u1ee9c \u0103n gia s\u00fac. V\u1ecf h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 \u00edt gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb h\u01a1n, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c x\u01b0\u1edfng ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00f9ng v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, ho\u1eb7c nghi\u1ec1n l\u00e0m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed9n b\u1ea7u \u01b0\u01a1m c\u00e2y, \u0111\u1ed9n \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1eadu c\u1ea3nh. <\/p>\n Do h\u01b0\u01a1ng v\u1ecb nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 M\u0103c-ca r\u1ea5t h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn n\u00ean h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 \u0111ua nhau ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n M\u0103c-ca trong m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m qua, nh\u01b0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng c\u00f2n l\u00e2u cung m\u1edbi \u0111u\u1ed5i k\u1ecbp c\u1ea7u, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 M\u1eafc-ca tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng ng\u1eebng t\u0103ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng n\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n \u0111\u1eaft gi\u00e1 nh\u1ea5t tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n nay. <\/p>\n N\u0103m 1960, gi\u00e1 thu mua h\u1ea1t M\u0103c-ca \u1edf Ha-oai l\u00e0 0,395 USD\/kg <\/p>\n N\u0103m 1980 – 1,540 USD\/kg <\/p>\n N\u0103m 1986 – 1,860 USD\/kg <\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Australia gi\u00e1 thu mua h\u1ea1t M\u1eafc-ca n\u0103m 1985 l\u00e0 1,9 AUD\/kg, n\u0103m 1996 l\u00e0 3,0 AUD\/kg (t\u1ef7 gi\u00e1 th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 1 AUD= 0,6-0,7 USD) <\/p>\n Tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng 1\/3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t, ph\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n 3 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 quy \u0111\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed7i kg nh\u00e2n. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 2000 gi\u00e1 mua b\u00e1n nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 l\u00ean t\u1edbi 12 \u2013 15 USD\/Kg. Gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n l\u1ebb tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba Trung Qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 2000 l\u00e0 200 \u2013 220 t\u1ec7\/kg t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 24 \u2013 27 USD\/kg <\/p>\n Theo th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea n\u0103m 1997, t\u1ed5ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea1t 46.000 Ha, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 61.000 t\u1ea5n, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i 7 n\u01b0\u1edbc sau \u0111\u00e2y: <\/p>\n Australia 9.020 Ha s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 26.000 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n M\u1ef9 8.215 Ha s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 24.500 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n Bra-xin 6.300 Ha 1.000 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n K\u00ea-nia 6.050 Ha 4.400 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n C\u00f4t sta-rica 6.000 Ha 3.100 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n Nam Phi 4.500 Ha 3.920 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n Gua t\u00ea mala 3.200 Ha 2.300 t\u1ea5n <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eabn l\u00e0 \u00fac v\u00e0 M\u1ef9, 5 n\u01b0\u1edbc sau s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ch\u01b0a cao do m\u1edbi tr\u1ed3ng ho\u1eb7c kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tr\u1ed3ng th\u1eed nh\u01b0 M\u00ea-xi c\u00f4, V\u00ean\u00eaduy\u00ea-la, Dimbabu\u00ea , Tanzania , Eti-\u00f4-pia , Mali , Niu-z\u00ealan. <\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c, c\u00e2y M\u1eafc ca \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1eb7t \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0110\u00e0i loan t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20, nh\u01b0ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 m\u1edbi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong kho\u1ea3ng 20 n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y. Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 nh\u1eadp h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c d\u00f2ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh cao s\u1ea3n v\u1ec1 kh\u1ea3o nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gh\u00e9p truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01a1n 2000 Ha, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu t\u1ea1i ph\u00eda nam gi\u00e1p v\u1edbi Vi\u1ec7t nam, L\u00e0o v\u00e0 Mi\u1ebfn \u0111i\u1ec7n v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1.500 \u0111\u1ebfn 2.500 t\u1ea5n trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m t\u1edbi. <\/p>\n C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u00fac, Ha-oai (M\u1ef9) \u0111\u1ee9ng h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1ec1 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch du l\u1ecbch t\u1edbi qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y, c\u00f2n d\u01b0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n chuy\u1ec3n v\u1ec1 b\u00e1n t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba M\u1ef9. Nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca c\u1ee7a \u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng M\u1ef9 v\u00e0 Canada, nay Ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 ch\u00e2u \u00e1 \u0111ang tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 l\u1edbn h\u01a1n, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0i n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y giao \u0111\u1ed9ng trong kho\u1ea3ng 12 \u2013 15 USD\/Kg nh\u00e2n. C\u00e1c d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1u cho r\u1eb1ng gi\u00e1 nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc ca s\u1ebd c\u00f2n t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. <\/p>\n Gi\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ecbnh r\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng m\u1ea1nh \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed b\u1eb1ng ho\u1eb7c h\u01a1i th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n v\u1ea3i thi\u1ec1u, kho\u1ea3ng 15- 20 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \/ Ha \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 1,5 \u0111\u1ebfn 2 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u0103m b\u00f3n cho c\u00e1c n\u0103m v\u1ec1 sau, th\u00ec v\u1edbi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, t\u1eeb 10 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf \u0111i ch\u00ed \u00edt c\u0169ng thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 3 t\u1ea5n h\u1ea1t (1 t\u1ea5n nh\u00e2n)\/ha. \u0110\u1ebfn l\u00fac \u0111\u00f3 gi\u00e1 thu mua M\u1eafc ca cho ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng n\u1ebfu ch\u1ec9 \u1edf m\u1ee9c 5 USD\/Kg nh\u00e2n, th\u00ec tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t Ha ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ngh\u00e8o v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thu nh\u1eadp 5.000 USD\/Ha\/n\u0103m.( t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 75 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng). <\/p>\n V\u00ec v\u1eady, c\u00e2y M\u0103c-ca x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cho xo\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o. Nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed7i kinh ho\u00e0ng sau tr\u1eadn suy s\u1ee5p gi\u00e1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 ph\u00e2n t\u00edch k\u1ef9 l\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o nghi\u00eam t\u00fac tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi h\u1ea1 quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m cho l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y r\u00f5: <\/p>\n 1- Khi Vi\u1ec7t nam gia nh\u1eadp th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng C\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi th\u00ec di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf s\u1ed1 tri\u1ec7u, c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng cung c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c l\u1eadp. Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n v\u00e0 trong th\u1eddi gian c\u1ef1c ng\u1eafn kho\u1ea3ng 15 n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 l\u1edbn, \u0111\u01b0a di\u1ec7n t\u00edch t\u0103ng th\u00eam 0,5 tri\u1ec7u Ha, v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia c\u00f3 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng ru\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1 v\u1ee1 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng cung c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, gi\u00e1 c\u00e0 ph\u00ea suy s\u1ee5p, kh\u00f4ng ri\u00eang Vi\u1ec7t nam m\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u c\u00e0 ph\u00ea \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t th\u00f2i. Tuy nhi\u00ean n\u1ebfu gan l\u00ec ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, th\u00ec kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam m\u00e0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng cao h\u01a1n, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n s\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng thua trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u0111\u1eb7t ra v\u1edbi c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00e1c h\u1eb3n. Di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u0103c-ca hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1edbi \u1edf m\u1ee9c v\u1ea1n, t\u00ednh h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n M\u0103c-ca cho ph\u00e9p n\u00e2ng di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00ean g\u1ea5p b\u1ed9i c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea hay g\u1ea5p h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m l\u1ea7n di\u1ec7n t\u00edch v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eafc-ca hi\u1ec7n nay m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ee7 l\u00e0m b\u00e3o ho\u00e0 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. <\/p>\n Tuy ch\u1eadm ch\u00e2n m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m nh\u01b0ng v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi nh\u01b0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam b\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0o cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3m xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t, s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 k\u1ebb \u0111\u1ebfn sau g\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea3o l\u1ed9n th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea, m\u00e0 s\u1ebd l\u00e0 tham gia t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh cung c\u1ea7u. Nh\u01b0 s\u1ebd ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u1edf ph\u1ea7n sau, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 sinh th\u00e1i c\u00e2y M\u0103c-ca kh\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng l\u00e0m c\u00e2y m\u1eabu \u1edf v\u01b0\u1eddn th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi, nh\u01b0ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu cho ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 ch\u1ed3i hoa, ng\u1eadm n\u1ee5 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n v\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 d\u1ea7u trong h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao l\u1ea1i t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, hay n\u00f3i c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2y s\u1ed1ng th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2y c\u00f3 qu\u1ea3 h\u1ea1t th\u00ec l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t \u00edt n\u01a1i tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ti\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u1edbi di\u1ec7n t\u00edch l\u1edbn \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y m\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c trong cu\u1ed9c \u0111ua kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3. <\/p>\n N\u1ebfu quy\u1ebft t\u00e2m khai th\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a \u00fac, M\u1ef9, Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec \u01b0u th\u1ebf v\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd cho ph\u00e9p Vi\u1ec7t Nam t\u1ea1o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 th\u1ee9 hai sau c\u00e2y c\u00e0 ph\u00ea v\u00e0 Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh qu\u1ed1c gia h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch M\u1eafc-ca tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai kho\u1ea3ng m\u1ea5y ch\u1ee5c n\u0103m t\u1edbi.. <\/p>\n N\u1ebfu s\u1edbm th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u1ea3n l\u00f2ng c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i n\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e1c gi\u1ea3m di\u1ec7n t\u00edch s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e0 ph\u00ea s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea9y ra. <\/p>\n 2- Nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 nh\u00e2n M\u0103c-ca tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd l\u1edbn h\u01a1n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. C\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng c\u00e0 ph\u00ea kh\u00e1 ngh\u00e8o n\u00e0n, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ed3 u\u1ed1ng, m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf pha v\u00e0o r\u01b0\u1ee3u v\u00e0 k\u1eb9o b\u00e1nh; nh\u01b0ng ngay c\u1ea3 v\u1edbi ng\u01b0\u1eddi nghi\u1ec7n c\u00e0 ph\u00ea th\u00ec nhu c\u1ea7u h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng M\u1eafc ca l\u1ea1i r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn bao g\u1ed3m m\u1ecdi tu\u1ed5i t\u00e1c, gi\u1edbi t\u00ednh, s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c, s\u1ee9c kh\u1ecfe\u2026. <\/p>\n V\u1edbi nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca, t\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng C\u00e0 ph\u00ea, th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng v\u1edbi Ca cao. C\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m r\u00f2n, b\u00f9i, th\u01a1m, ng\u1eady h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn m\u1ecdi l\u1ee9a tu\u1ed5i. C\u00e1ch \u0103n v\u00e0 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn r\u1ea5t phong ph\u00fa t\u1eeb \u0103n s\u1ed1ng ho\u1eb7c tr\u1ed9n trong s\u00e0 l\u00e1t, s\u00e0o, n\u1ea5u, l\u00e0m nh\u00e2n b\u00e1nh, kem, m\u1ee9t\u2026 cho ph\u00e9p M\u1eafc-ca v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua m\u1ecdi ranh gi\u1edbi s\u1eafc t\u1ed9c,t\u00f4n gi\u00e1o, truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng \u1ea9m th\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ebfn v\u1edbi m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi. V\u00ec l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed3 \u0103n n\u00ean l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ti\u00eau d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a m\u1ed7i ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u1edbn h\u01a1n C\u00e0 ph\u00ea, Ca cao r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. H\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng acid b\u00e9o kh\u00f4ng no r\u1ea5t cao, M\u1eafc-ca s\u1ebd l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn cho n\u1ed7i lo th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00e0 b\u1ec7nh tim m\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 l\u00e0m dung m\u00f4i trong ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ef9 ph\u1ea9m – 1 ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ea5t cao do l\u1ee3i nhu\u1eadn si\u00eau ng\u1ea1ch. V\u00ec nh\u1eefng l\u00fd do tr\u00ean, ng\u01b0\u1eddi vi\u1ebft kh\u00f4ng ng\u1ea7n ng\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o r\u1eb1ng nhu c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n M\u1eafc-ca tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 10 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi C\u00e0 ph\u00ea. <\/p>\n 3- Vi\u1ec7t Nam (ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 ph\u00eda b\u1eafc v\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u1eefa \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 t\u00e2y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n) c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u01b0u th\u1ebf trong vi\u1ec7c t\u00ecm n\u01a1i tr\u1ed3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao cho c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca. <\/p>\n M\u1ef9, \u00fac v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca. <\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng t\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft v\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu. <\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n M\u1eafc-ca l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u1ea9m t\u1ea1i duy\u00ean h\u1ea3i ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng Queensland . Lo\u00e0i M\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t l\u00e1ng (Macadamia integrifolia) ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1eeb 25-28 0 v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn nam, lo\u00e0i m\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t nh\u00e1m (M. tetraphylla) ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 xa h\u01a1n xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam t\u1edbi v\u00f9ng b\u1eafc Niu-Sao-w\u00ean 28-29 0 v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn nam. <\/p>\n Khi d\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng sang Hawaii 20-21 0 v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn b\u1eafc th\u00ec s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng M\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf l\u00e1ng (M. integrifolia) \u0111\u00e3 cao h\u01a1n \u1edf v\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n kho\u1ea3ng 1\/3. <\/p>\n X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 ghi nh\u1eadn M\u1eafc-ca c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1nh t\u1edbi – 4 0 C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y con v\u00e0 – 6 0 C \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y tr\u01b0\u1edfng th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu n\u00f3ng t\u1edbi tr\u00ean 38-40 0 C. V\u00ec v\u1eady t\u1eeb x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ebfn v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn 34 0 n\u1ebfu ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 m\u01b0a \u1ea9m t\u1ed1t, c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ecdc nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1eb3n l\u00e0 n\u01a1i n\u00e0o c\u0169ng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 cho s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. <\/p>\n Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 gi\u00f2ng Keauhou mang m\u00e3 s\u1ed1 246 do Hawai tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn d\u01b0\u1edbi 10 0 C ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ng\u1eebng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng, k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 sinh kh\u1ed1i t\u0103ng m\u1ea1nh nh\u1ea5t \u1edf nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 15-30 0 C, tr\u00ean 30 0 C l\u00e1 non m\u1ea5t m\u00e0u xanh, kh\u00f4 \u0111\u1ecdt, g\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e2m c\u00e0nh th\u00e0nh ch\u00f9m. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c gi\u1ed1ng M\u1eafc-ca \u0111\u1ec1u ng\u1eebng quang h\u1ee3p \u1edf 38 0 C. <\/p>\n Ra hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 then ch\u1ed1t quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eadp trung nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed3i hoa, \u1edf b\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed3i hoa di\u1ec5n ra trong th\u00e1ng 10 v\u00e0 n\u1edf hoa v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 2 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 4. Th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong kh\u00ed h\u1eadu nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o cho th\u1ea5y ch\u1ed3i hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh trong c\u00e1c ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 nhi\u1ec7t 12, 15, 18, 21 0 C. T\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 18 0 C , nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 ban \u0111\u00eam th\u00e1ng 10 th\u00e1ng 11 th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 12 v\u00e0 cao h\u01a1n 21 0 C \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ch\u1ed3i hoa. V\u00ec l\u1ebd \u0111\u00eam kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh, c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 trong \u0111\u1edbi x\u00edch \u0111\u1ea1o t\u1eeb 8-10 0 C nam v\u0129 \u0111\u1ebfn 8-10 0 C b\u1eafc v\u0129 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn v\u00f9ng n\u00fai c\u00f3 cao tr\u00ecnh 600-1000m \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca. Sau khi ch\u1ed3i hoa \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 th\u00eam 60 ng\u00e0y m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ee5 hoa b\u1eb1ng m\u1eaft th\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 hoa n\u1edf t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 2 k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 4. N\u1ee5 hoa c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecbu \u0111\u1ef1ng s\u01b0\u01a1ng gi\u00e1 ng\u1eafn h\u1ea1n 0-2 0 C trong 5-7 ng\u00e0y, \u0110\u1ee3t r\u00e9t hi\u1ebfm c\u00f3 v\u00e0o tr\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ebft \u00e2m l\u1ecbch m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n n\u0103m 1999 \u1edf b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y r\u00f5 t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng T\u00e2y nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed1i th\u1ea5p \u20135 0 C k\u00e9o d\u00e0i 6 \u2013 7 ng\u00e0y ch\u01b0a g\u00e2y t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1edbi n\u1ee5 hoa nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1nh s\u00e2u h\u01a1n v\u00e0 d\u00e0i h\u01a1n s\u1ebd l\u00e0m n\u1ee5 hoa thui ch\u1ed9t. Kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n 20 n\u0103m tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca \u1edf mi\u1ec1n nam Trung qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 cho nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t l\u00e0 c\u00e0ng \u00e1p s\u00e1t bi\u00ean gi\u1edbi ph\u00eda nam th\u00ec s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e0ng cao. N\u1ebfu tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca \u1edf b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00ec tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/p>\n M\u00f9a hoa n\u1edf v\u00e0 sau hoa n\u1edf (th\u00e1ng 3,4) g\u1eb7p n\u1eafng h\u1ea1n s\u1ebd g\u00e2y r\u1ee5ng hoa nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca ra r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u hoa, m\u1ed7i b\u00f4ng \u0111u\u00f4i s\u00f3c c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 100-300 hoa, nh\u01b0ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 \u0111\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 0,1 – 0,3%. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu kh\u00f4ng thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eadu qu\u1ea3. <\/p>\n Theo qui lu\u1eadt chung v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed t\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00ed h\u1eadu h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u th\u00ec t\u1eeb v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 8-10 0 \u0111\u1ebfn 25-30 0 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 \u00e1 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi m\u01b0a m\u00f9a, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi m\u01b0a m\u00f9a (r\u1eebng kh\u1ed9p) r\u1ed3i \u0111\u1ebfn th\u1ea3o nguy\u00ean nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi v\u00e0 sa m\u1ea1c. To\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1edbi n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u h\u00e8 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f4 v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng. L\u00fd do tr\u00ean l\u00e0m cho t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 tr\u00ean v\u00e0nh \u0111ai n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u sinh th\u00e1i g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y Tr\u00e0 Mi, c\u00e2y S\u1edf, c\u00e2y V\u1ea3i thi\u1ec1u, v\u00e0 1 s\u1ed1 gi\u1ed1ng Nh\u00e3n… <\/p>\n C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean h\u1ecdc Trung Qu\u1ed1c th\u01b0\u1eddng hay n\u00f3i t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n c\u1ee7a t\u1ea1o ho\u00e1 l\u00e0 l\u1ebd ra c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n theo h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y nam r\u1ed3i r\u1ebd ngang sang h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u00e2y v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng Giang xu\u1ed1ng ph\u00eda nam ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng sa m\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c sa van nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi; nh\u01b0ng nh\u1edd v\u00f9ng cao nguy\u00ean Pamia, Hy-ma-lay-a n\u1ed1i ti\u1ebfp cao nguy\u00ean V\u00e2n nam Qu\u00fd ch\u00e2u k\u00e9o d\u00e0i xu\u1ed1ng d\u1ea3i Tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u01a1n m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed l\u1ea1nh c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ecba b\u1ecb c\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1ee9c chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u00f4ng nam v\u00e0 \u0111em l\u1ea1i m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt cho \u0111\u00f4ng nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c v\u00e0 B\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam. T\u1eeb \u0111\u00e8o H\u1ea3i v\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1eb7c \u00e2n n\u00e0y (\u0111i\u1ec1u kh\u00e1c duy nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 sau khi v\u00e0o v\u1ecbnh B\u1eafc b\u1ed9, do kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb n\u00fai cao l\u00e0m l\u1ec7ch h\u01b0\u1edbng, c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i kh\u00f4ng kh\u00ed n\u00e0y l\u1ea1i chuy\u1ec3n h\u01b0\u1edbng T\u00e2y nam theo quy lu\u1eadt chung c\u1ee7a h\u00e0nh tinh v\u00e0 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng b\u1eafc \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t nam). V\u00ec th\u1ebf \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2y V\u1ea3i , c\u00e2y S\u1edf c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t \u1edf b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam, c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi M\u1eafc-ca th\u00ec do m\u00f9a \u0111\u00f4ng \u00edt l\u1ea1nh h\u01a1n, m\u00f9a xu\u00e2n (c\u00e1c th\u00e1ng 3,4) \u0111\u1ee7 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ra hoa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c. <\/p>\n T\u1ea1i b\u1eafc b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u , qu\u1ea3 M\u1eafc ca ch\u00edn v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 9 t\u1edbi gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 11; 3 th\u00e1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n t\u00edch lu\u1ef9 d\u1ea7u cho h\u1ea1t quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t, \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi kh\u00ed h\u1eadu \u1ea9m v\u00e0 n\u00f3ng nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 38 \u0111\u1ed9 C. Kh\u00ed h\u1eadu b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t nam v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec mi\u1ec1n nam Trung qu\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady (l\u01b0u v\u1ef1c Tr\u01b0\u1eddng giang t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn trung tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 8 th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p nh\u1eefng k\u1ef3 n\u00f3ng d\u00e0i ng\u00e0y t\u1eeb 39 \u0111\u1ebfn 41 \u0111\u1ed9 C v\u00e0 v\u00ec v\u1eady c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a M\u00e1c-ca). <\/p>\n B\u00e3o bi\u1ec3n c\u1ea5p 7-8 tr\u1edf l\u00ean g\u00e2y r\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, \u1edf b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o L\u00f4i Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3o H\u1ea3i Nam d\u00f9 M\u00e1c-ca sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ra hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 t\u1ed1t nh\u01b0ng v\u1edbi t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t b\u00e3o 1-2 l\u1ea7n m\u1ed7i n\u0103m \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u ng\u01b0\u1eddi ph\u1ea3i t\u1eeb b\u1ecf \u00fd \u0111\u1ecbnh g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. <\/p>\n Gi\u00f3 m\u00f9a t\u00e2y nam kh\u00f4 n\u00f3ng (ta quen g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 gi\u00f3 L\u00e0o) n\u1ebfu g\u1eb7p \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n c\u0169ng g\u00e2y r\u1ee5ng qu\u1ea3 r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n T\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y: t\u1ea1i B\u1eafc b\u1ed9, tr\u1eeb Ninh B\u00ecnh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea7n ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng qu\u1ed1c l\u1ed9 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 hay c\u00f3 b\u00e3o, ph\u1ea7n c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i bao g\u1ed3m to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng, trung du v\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda B\u1eafc v\u1edbi cao tr\u00ecnh d\u01b0\u1edbi 1000m \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ebf h\u1ed9i t\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ee7 c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n kh\u00ed h\u1eadu ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea1t n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca: <\/p>\n \u00edt b\u00e3o, \u00edt gi\u00f3 l\u00e0o, th\u00e1ng 10 m\u00e1t m\u1ebb, th\u00e1ng 4-5 \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt, th\u00e1ng 7-8-9-10 n\u00f3ng \u1ea9m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 gay g\u1eaft-\u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o cho M\u1eafc-ca \u0111\u1ea1t n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t cao. <\/p>\n V\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai: <\/strong> <\/p>\n M\u1eafc-ca \u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ecbt nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ebfn trung b\u00ecnh, th\u1eddi han \u00fang ng\u1eadp kh\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 10 ng\u00e0y, \u0111\u1ea5t \u1ea9m \u0111\u1ec1u quanh n\u0103m, t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t s\u00e2u tr\u00ean 1m h\u01a1i chua, n\u1ebfu gi\u00e0u h\u1eefu c\u01a1 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ee1 ph\u1ea3i b\u00f3n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n. M\u1eafc-ca kh\u00f4ng \u01b0a \u0111\u1ea5t ki\u1ec1m, \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e8n m\u1eb7n, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 v\u00f4i, \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eafc ga l\u00edt, \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e1 ong ho\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng\u2026 <\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca. <\/p>\n Ngo\u00e0i ra, mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai Thanh Ho\u00e1, Ngh\u1ec7 An t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t b\u00e3o kh\u00f4ng cao n\u1ebfu m\u1ea5t 1 v\u1ee5 m\u00e0 tr\u00fang 2 v\u1ee5 th\u00ec v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca. <\/p>\n V\u00f9ng n\u00fai cao gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u1eefa T\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0110\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n, n\u01a1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3n m\u01b0a T\u00e2y Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n r\u1ea5t s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u01b0a mu\u1ed9n c\u1ee7a \u0110\u00f4ng Tr\u01b0\u1eddng S\u01a1n nh\u01b0 Khe Xanh, An Kh\u00ea, v\u00f9ng gi\u00e1p ranh gi\u1eefa B\u1ea3o L\u1ed9c v\u00e0 T\u00e1nh Linh … c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 v\u00f9ng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca. <\/p>\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ph\u00e2n t\u00edch tr\u00ean cho ph\u00e9p \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o l\u00e0 mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca, v\u1eeba c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u1ec1 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn chuy\u1ec7n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n M\u1eafc-ca th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng ho\u00e1 c\u00f3 quy m\u00f4 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i l\u1edbn, di\u1ec7n t\u00edch c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e2y M\u1eafc- ca c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi c\u1ea3 tri\u1ec7u Ha. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn, xin d\u1ecbch v\u00e0i th\u00f4ng tin tham kh\u1ea3o tr\u00edch d\u1eabn t\u1eeb t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u “H\u01b0\u1ee1ng d\u1eabn tr\u1ed3ng Macadamia” c\u1ee7a \u00fac xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n n\u0103m 1995 (Growing Macadamias in Australia, NSW Agriculture Publishing House). <\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y cho bi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u 10.000 \u0111\u00f4 la \u00fac\/ Ha t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 80 tri\u1ec7u VN\u0110 (kh\u00f4ng bao g\u1ed3m gi\u00e1 mua \u0111\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c thu\u00ea \u0111\u1ea5t). Ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ph\u1ea3i chi ph\u00ed 2.000 \u0111\u00f4 \u00fac \u2013 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 16 tri\u1ec7u VN\u0110 cho vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c. N\u1ebfu l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t th\u00ec n\u0103m th\u00fa 12, s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t 4,5 t\u1ea5n h\u1ea1t\/Ha, v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 n\u0103m 1994 2,80 \u0111\u00f4 \u00fac\/kg (h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9a 33% nh\u00e2n, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m 10%). <\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady thu ho\u1ea1ch tr\u00ean m\u1ed7i Ha l\u00e0 : 4.500 Kg x 2,80 \u0111\u00f4 = 12,600 \u0111\u00f4 \u00fac <\/p>\n (T\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u01a1ng 110 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng Vi\u1ec7t nam \/ Ha). <\/p>\n M\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u1edf \u00fac l\u00e0 t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i cao v\u00ec : gi\u00e1 lao \u0111\u1ed9ng r\u1ea5t cao v\u00e0 to\u00e0n d\u00f9ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i \u1edf v\u00f9ng nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u00fac l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a kh\u00f4ng cao v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u, chi ph\u00ed cho b\u01a1m t\u01b0\u1edbi c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t cao. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf ta th\u00ec kh\u00e1c, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn d\u00f9ng th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ecdn nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n b\u01a1m t\u01b0\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ec9 b\u01a1m t\u01b0\u1edbi 1 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00f9a hoa v\u00e0 1 l\u1ea7n v\u00e0o m\u00f9a qu\u1ea3 non. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca \u1edf ta s\u1ebd \u00edt h\u01a1n nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi \u1edf \u00fac. T\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh ch\u1ec9 ngang \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho tr\u1ed3ng V\u1ea3i thi\u1ec1u th\u00ec M\u1eafc-ca c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o thu ho\u1ea1ch kh\u00e1, nh\u01b0ng sau khi c\u00f3 thu ho\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n n\u00ean \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. <\/p>\n Sau \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 ph\u00e1c th\u1ea3o m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 \u0111\u1ec3 g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c cho 1 Ha M\u1eafc \u2013ca cao s\u1ea3n: <\/p>\n M\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9: 307 c\u00e2y\/Ha (5 m x 6.5 m \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfn t\u1edbi h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eadc thang). <\/p>\n C\u00e2y gi\u1ed1ng: 307 c\u00e2y x 20.000 VN\u0110 = 3.140.000VN\u0110 (\u0111\u01a1n gi\u00e1 nh\u1eadp s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng \u00edt h\u01a1n 2 USD m\u1ed9t c\u00e2y gh\u00e9p), sau n\u00e0y t\u1ef1 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 20.000VN\u0110\/c\u00e2y. <\/p>\n \u0110\u00e0o h\u1ed1: 307 c\u00e2y x 10.000 VN\u0110 = 3,07 tri\u1ec7u VN\u0110 (k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ed1 1 m x 1 m x 1 m ). <\/p>\n Ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n: 307 x 6000 VN\u0110 = 1.842.000 VN\u0110 (g\u1ed3m 3000VN\u0110 cho ph\u00e2n chu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n kho\u00e1ng, 3000 VN\u0110 cho 50 dm 3 than b\u00f9n \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn). <\/p>\n C\u00f4ng tr\u1ed3ng: 307 x 2000 VN\u0110 = 0.614 tri\u1ec7u (bao g\u1ed3m l\u1ea5p h\u1ed1 \u0111\u00fang y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt). <\/p>\n Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c: 5 n\u0103m x 2.000.000 VN\u0110 = 10.000.000 VN\u0110 (bao g\u1ed3m l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u1ecf v\u00e0 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ru\u1ed9ng b\u1eadc thang). <\/p>\n C\u1ed9ng: T\u1ed5ng \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho 1 Ha l\u00e0 18.666.000 VN\u0110\/Ha. <\/p>\n Tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca v\u1edbi c\u00e2y gh\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e2n hom s\u1ebd cho qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0o tu\u1ed5i 3 c\u00f3 thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i 5, cao s\u1ea3n t\u1eeb tu\u1ed5i 10 \u2013 12 tr\u1edf \u0111i. <\/p>\n Sau n\u00e0y s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 chi ph\u00ed \u00edt h\u01a1n 2.000.000 VN\u0110 h\u00e0ng n\u0103m cho l\u00e0m c\u1ecf, b\u00f3n th\u00fac, t\u01b0\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc, thu nh\u1eb7t v\u00e0 hong ph\u01a1i h\u1ea1t. Giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y thu b\u00f9 chi. <\/p>\n Theo nh\u1eadn x\u00e9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1n b\u1ed9 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u thu\u1ed9c hai \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 c\u00e2y M\u1eafc ca \u1edf nam Trung Qu\u1ed1c, ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cao v\u1ec1 l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n nh\u01b0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ea1i tr\u00e0 nh\u01b0 cam, qu\u00fdt, nh\u00e3n, v\u1ea3i … c\u00e2y M\u1eafc ca \u00edt \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u0103m s\u00f3c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd kh\u1eaft khe. S\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ea1i \u00edt nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng, tr\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m h\u1ea1t k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do chu\u1ed9t, s\u00f3c \u0103n. H\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e2y l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi cao v\u1ec1 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1n. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 hoa t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e0nh ch\u1ec9 c\u00e0nh n\u00e0o ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9c v\u00e0o v\u1ee5 h\u00e8 thu m\u1edbi ph\u00e2n ho\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ed3i hoa. Vi\u1ec7c tri\u1ec7t ph\u00e1 l\u1ed9c \u0111\u00f4ng v\u00e0 xu\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi m\u1edbi hy v\u1ecdng ra hoa k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nhi\u1ec1u. Ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n ta c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a \u0111\u1ee7 kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n Hoa t\u1ef1 M\u1eafc ca kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t \u1edf \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e0nh m\u00e0 m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb n\u00e1ch l\u00e1 c\u00e0nh 1- 2 tu\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ed9c l\u1eadp v\u1edbi ph\u00e1t l\u1ed9c c\u00e0nh non v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng \u00edt ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o t\u00e1n. Do \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o t\u00e1n ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 quang h\u1ee3p \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o nhi\u1ec1u thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khuy\u1ebfn l\u00e2m. <\/p>\n Tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc ca s\u1ebd c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ee3i th\u1ebf cho n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u1edf kh\u00e2u sau thu ho\u1ea1ch. <\/p>\n C\u00e1ch thu ho\u1ea1ch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn r\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y ho\u1eb7c b\u1eb1ng tay. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m thu ho\u1ea1ch n\u00f3i chung ch\u00edn \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3 s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u01b0 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00e0 ph\u00ea do ph\u1ea3i tu\u1ed1t c\u1ea3 ch\u00f9m bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn v\u00e0 xanh. <\/p>\n Sau khi ch\u00edn r\u1ee5ng ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u00e3 n\u1ee9t s\u1eb5n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00e1ch l\u1ea5y h\u1ea1t ngay t\u1ea1i v\u01b0\u1eddn. <\/p>\n Kh\u00e2u thu ho\u1ea1ch c\u00f3 m\u1ea5y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ch\u00ednh nh\u01b0 sau: <\/p>\n \u2022 Ph\u1ea3i thu nh\u1eb7t h\u1ea1t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed5n th\u1ea5t do chu\u1ed9t, s\u00f3c. <\/p>\n \u2022 Ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m s\u1ea1ch c\u00e2y b\u1ee5i c\u1ecf d\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb b\u1ecf s\u00f3t h\u1ea1t r\u1ee5ng. <\/p>\n \u2022 M\u00f9a thu l\u01b0\u1ee3m tr\u00f9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean thi\u1ebfu nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng. <\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ea5t \u0111i\u1ec1u ho\u00e0 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn r\u1ee5ng t\u1eadp trung h\u01a1n, gi\u1ea3m b\u1edbt c\u00f4ng v\u00e0o r\u1eebng thu nh\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. <\/p>\n V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t sau thu ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4. <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 m\u1edbi r\u1ee5ng h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao t\u1edbi 30% ph\u1ea3i nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u00e1ch qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 hong kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1t trong b\u00f3ng r\u00e2m cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc r\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng 10%. V\u1edbi thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i l\u00e0 m\u00f9a thu ho\u1ea1ch g\u1eb7p m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 hanh \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f4ng \u1edf mi\u1ec1n b\u1eafc n\u01b0\u1edbc ta n\u00ean y\u00eau c\u1ea7u n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n. V\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m 10% h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1edbi v\u00e0i ba th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 trang tr\u1ea1i \u1edf \u00fac v\u00e0 M\u1ef9 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00e1n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u1edbi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n Trong th\u01b0ong m\u1ea1i Qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m l\u00e0 1,5% v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m. \u0110\u1ec3 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4 t\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m n\u00e0y th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y thu\u1ed1c l\u00e1; nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea5y ban \u0111\u1ea7u l\u00e0 32 0 C, sau b\u1ed1n n\u0103m ng\u00e0y n\u00e2ng d\u1ea7n nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00ean 52 0 C theo \u0111\u1ed9 kh\u00f4 c\u1ee7a h\u1ea1t. <\/p>\n Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 sau thu ho\u1ea1ch ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n s\u1ebd g\u1eb7p \u00edt kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi tr\u1ed3ng nh\u00e3n, v\u1ea3i, \u0111\u00e0o, m\u1eadn hay h\u1ea1t gi\u1ebb…, nguy c\u01a1 b\u1ecb l\u00e1i th\u01b0\u01a1ng b\u1eaft ch\u1eb9t c\u0169ng nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t h\u1ea1t M\u1eafc ca ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf \u00fac, Hawaii , Trung Qu\u1ed1c l\u00e0 3,0 – 4,5 t\u1ea5n\/ha. Gi\u00e1 b\u00e1n nh\u00e2n, (1\/3 tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4) l\u00e0 12 ngh\u00ecn \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ngh\u00ecn USD\/t\u1ea5n. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1m t\u00ednh v\u1edbi n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t 3 t\u1ea5n h\u1ea1t v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 12 ngh\u00ecn USD\/ t\u1ea5n nh\u00e2n th\u00ec ch\u00ed \u00edt ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n c\u0169ng thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eeb 5 ngh\u00ecn \u2013 10 ngh\u00ecn USD\/ ha\/n\u0103m ( 40 \u2013 80% so v\u1edbi gi\u00e1 xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u). <\/p>\n V\u1edbi m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 g\u1ea7n 20 tri\u1ec7u VND\/ha, trong \u0111\u00f3 g\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda l\u00e0 s\u1ee9c lao \u0111\u1ed9ng b\u1ea3n th\u00e2n th\u00ec thu nh\u1eadp t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 thu ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t xa m\u1ee9c \u0111\u00e2\u00f9 t\u01b0. <\/p>\n C\u00e2y M\u1eafc ca x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn l\u00e0m c\u00e2y xo\u00e1 \u0111\u00f3i gi\u1ea3m ngh\u00e8o. <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n M\u1eafc-ca v\u1ed1n l\u00e0 c\u00e2y \u0111\u1ea1i th\u1ee5 th\u01b0\u1eddng xanh, cao 15- 20 m, t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1eadm, tu\u1ed5i th\u1ecd ngo\u00e0i tr\u0103m n\u0103m. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 che ph\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai. N\u1ebfu t\u1ea1o t\u00e1n theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 v\u1eabn kh\u00f3 l\u00e0m cho c\u00e2y th\u1ea5p h\u01a1n 10 m v\u00e0 t\u00e1n l\u00e1 c\u00f2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 r\u1eadm h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n M\u1eafc ca ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai. <\/p>\n L\u00e1 c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca xanh \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0 b\u00f3ng, c\u00f3 lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 vi\u1ec1n r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, hoa c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 nhi\u1ec1u, h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m hoa c\u1ee1 1-2 cm m\u1ed7i b\u00f4ng, lo\u00e0i h\u1ea1t nh\u1eb5n hoa m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng s\u1eefa, lo\u00e0i h\u1ea1t nh\u00e1m hoa m\u1ea7u h\u1ed3ng phai, m\u00f9a hoa k\u00e9o d\u00e0i g\u1ea7n 2 th\u00e1ng, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m ng\u00e0o ng\u1ea1t, n\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p nu\u00f4i ong. M\u1eafc-ca c\u0169ng th\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf c\u00f4ng vi\u00ean, l\u00e2m vi\u00ean, t\u1ea1o phong c\u1ea3nh \u0111\u00f4 th\u1ecb v\u00e0 trang \u0111i\u1ec3m cho r\u1eebng n\u00fai n\u01b0\u1edbc ta t\u01b0\u01a1i \u0111\u1eb9p h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n 1- Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i : <\/strong> <\/p>\n Chi Macadamia c\u00f3 18 lo\u00e0i, trong \u0111\u00f3 10 lo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i \u00fac, 6 lo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i T\u00e2n Cri-\u0111o-nia, 1 lo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i Ma-\u0111a-gas-ca, 1 lo\u00e0i t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o Xi-ri-b\u00f4. <\/p>\n Trong 18 lo\u00e0i tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 2 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0: <\/p>\n – Macadamia integrifolia – M\u1eafc ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t l\u00e1ng hay m\u1eafc-ca l\u00e1 nguy\u00ean. <\/p>\n – Macadamia tetraphylla- M\u1eafc ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t nh\u00e1m hay m\u1eafc-ca m\u00e9p l\u00e1 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a. <\/p>\n C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1eafc-ca c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 nh\u00e2n nh\u1ecf, v\u1ecb \u0111\u1eafng, \u00edt nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 n\u00ean ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nhi\u1ec1u. <\/p>\n N\u1ebfu g\u1ed9p c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb l\u00e0m c\u00e2y c\u1ea3nh th\u00ec c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u1ec3 t\u1edbi 5 lo\u00e0i sau \u0111\u00e2y : <\/p>\n 1.1. Macadamia integrifolia Maiden – Betche. T\u1ea1m d\u1ecbch l\u00e0 m\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf l\u00e1ng ho\u1eb7c m\u1eafc-ca l\u00e1 nh\u1eb5n. <\/strong> <\/p>\n Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng m\u01b0a ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n th\u1ee7y gi\u1eefa n\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ecba \u00fac v\u1edbi b\u1edd bi\u1ec3n \u0111\u00f4ng \u00fac, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u00ean l\u00e3nh th\u1ed5 bang Quensland v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n bang Newsouth wales trong kho\u1ea3ng 25 – 28 o v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 nam. V\u00f9ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1eadp trung nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 d\u00e3y n\u00fai Mepherson m\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00ean l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Nunaibah v\u00e0 b\u00ean kia l\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Mary \u1edf ph\u00eda b\u1eafc tr\u00ean gi\u1ea3i r\u1ed9ng 24km, d\u00e0i 442km. <\/p>\n Lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y cao t\u1edbi 18m, t\u00e1n r\u1ed9ng 15m, v\u1ecf c\u00e0nh nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u h\u01a1n lo\u00e0i M.ternifolia (m\u1eafc-ca 3 l\u00e1), l\u00e1 non m\u00e0u xanh nh\u1ea1t, l\u00e1 h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9ng ng\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u1eb7c thu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c. L\u00e1 d\u00e0i 10,2 – 30,5cm, r\u1ed9ng 2,5 – 7,6cm, c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1ng l\u00e1 ng\u1eafn, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ho\u1eb7c g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00e1 tr\u00f2n, 3 l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c 4 l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng \u1edf c\u00e2y con ho\u1eb7c c\u00e0nh non c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1eb7p 1 \u0111\u00f4i l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i. <\/p>\n Hoa t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb c\u00e0nh gi\u00e0, th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 m\u1ecdc t\u1eeb m\u1eaft l\u00e1 s\u1edbm th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00e0nh (ph\u00eda ng\u1ecdn), Hoa t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u00e0i 10,2 – 30,5cm; m\u1ed7i hoa t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 100 – 300 b\u00f4ng hoa (Hoa m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng). <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn r\u1ed9 v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6 \u1edf \u00fac (m\u00f9a thu \u0111\u00f4ng nam b\u00e1n c\u1ea7u) v\u00e0 t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 11 \u1edf Hawaii. Nh\u01b0ng \u1edf California qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3 n\u0103m sau. T\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o L\u00f4i Ch\u00e2u qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9. Ngo\u00e0i ra, \u1edf c\u00e2y cao tu\u1ed5i ngo\u00e0i m\u00f9a hoa t\u1eadp trung v\u1eabn c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y hoa n\u1edf r\u1ea3i r\u00e1c su\u1ed1t n\u0103m. V\u00ec v\u1eady c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 coi lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “hoa qu\u1ea3 li\u00ean t\u1ee5c”. <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh tr\u00f2n, v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng nhung, m\u00e0u xanh b\u00f3ng. V\u1ecf h\u1ea1t nh\u1eb5n, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh h\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 1,3 – 3,2cm, nh\u00e2n m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng s\u1eefa, c\u00f3 h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1ea5t cao. <\/p>\n Hi\u1ec7n nay c\u00e1c gi\u00f2ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn \u1edf quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>2- <\/strong>Macadamia tetraphylla L.A.S Johnoson, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 m\u1eafc-ca 4 l\u00e1, m\u1eafc-ca h\u1ea1t nh\u00e1m ho\u1eb7c m\u1eafc-ca l\u00e1 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, m\u1eafc-ca l\u00e1 gai. <\/strong> <\/p>\n Nguy\u00ean s\u1ea3n t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng m\u01b0a nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi ph\u00eda \u0111\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n thu\u1ef7 c\u1ee7a ch\u00e2u \u00fac trong kho\u1ea3ng 28 – 29 o v\u0129 tuy\u1ebfn nam, ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0i 120km t\u1eeb b\u1edd nam s\u00f4ng Coomera v\u00e0 s\u00f4ng Nerang thu\u1ed9c Quensland \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1edd b\u1eafc s\u00f4ng Richmont thu\u1ed9c New south Wales. <\/p>\n C\u00e2y cao kho\u1ea3ng 15m nh\u01b0ng t\u00e1n xo\u00e8 r\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi 18m, v\u1ecf c\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf x\u1eabm m\u00e0u h\u01a1n m\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf l\u00e1ng, nh\u01b0ng h\u01a1i nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u h\u01a1n m\u1eafc-ca 3 l\u00e1 (M.ternifolia). L\u00e1 non m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng phai, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 m\u00e0u xanh n\u00f5n chu\u1ed1i. L\u00e1 h\u00ecnh thu\u00f4n ng\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00e0i 10,2 – 15,8cm, r\u1ed9ng 2,5 – 7,6cm, g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1ng l\u00e1, m\u00e9p l\u00e1 c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a nh\u1ecdn nh\u01b0 gai, \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00e1 nh\u1ecdn, 4 l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 3 l\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c 5 l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc xo\u00e1y. C\u00e2y m\u1ea7m c\u0169ng c\u00f3 2 l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i. <\/p>\n Hoa t\u1ef1 m\u1ecdc ra t\u1eeb c\u00e0nh gi\u00e0, nh\u1ecf v\u00e0 c\u0169ng m\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1eaft s\u1edbm th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c ph\u00eda cu\u1ed1i \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u00e0nh. <\/p>\n Hoa t\u1ef1 d\u00e0i 15,2 – 20,3cm, c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 100 – 300 b\u00f4ng hoa. Hoa m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng phai r\u1ea5t t\u01b0\u01a1i m\u00e0u, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 c\u00e2y c\u00e1 bi\u1ec7t c\u00f3 hoa m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng s\u1eefa. <\/p>\n M\u00f9a qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn r\u1ed9 \u1edf \u00fac t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 3 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 6, t\u1ea1i Hawaii t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 7 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 10, t\u1ea1i California t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 1 n\u0103m sau, t\u1ea1i Qu\u1ea3ng Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 B\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o L\u00f4i Ch\u00e2u t\u1eeb trung tu\u1ea7n th\u00e1ng 8 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 9. Lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y m\u1ed7i n\u0103m ch\u1ec9 ra qu\u1ea3 1 l\u1ea7n. <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 h\u00ecnh b\u1ea7u d\u1ee5c, v\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u xanh x\u00e1m, c\u00f3 ph\u1ee7 l\u1edbp l\u00f4ng nhung d\u00e0y. H\u1ea1t c\u00f3 v\u1ecf nh\u00e1m, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh h\u1ea1t t\u1eeb 1,2 \u0111\u1ebfn 3,8cm, nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 m\u00e0u th\u1eabm h\u01a1n m\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf nh\u1eb5n, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u00e1c nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c gi\u00f2ng. <\/p>\n Lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng cao, ch\u1ecbu r\u00e9t kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n lo\u00e0i v\u1ecf l\u00e1ng, n\u1ebfu d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m g\u1ed1c gh\u00e9p th\u00ec nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u00e2y kh\u00e1 t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu n\u1ea5m \u0111\u1ed9c h\u1ea1i r\u1ec5 phytophthora c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n. <\/p>\n Do ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau, ch\u1ec9 n\u00ean g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng nh\u1eefng gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1ed1t. <\/p>\n 1.3- Macadamia ternifolia F.Mueller – M\u0103c-ca 3 l\u00e1 <\/strong> <\/p>\n Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1i v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00f4ng nam \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e2n thu\u1ef7 trong c\u00e1c r\u1eebng m\u01b0a kho\u1ea3ng 26 o 00′ – 27 o 30′ v\u0129 \u0111\u1ed9 nam tr\u00ean d\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u00e0i 119km t\u1eeb s\u00f4ng Bai-in \u0111\u1ebfn v\u00f9ng KinKin khu v\u1ef1c Kin-Bi thu\u1ed9c Quensland. <\/p>\n Lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn nh\u1ea7m v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u lo\u00e0i kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t \u00edt \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y. <\/p>\n N\u00f3i chung c\u00e2y th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 t\u1ea7m v\u00f3c nh\u1ecf, chi\u1ec1u cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 r\u1ed9ng t\u00e1n th\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua 6,5m. T\u00e1n l\u00e1 th\u01b0\u1eddng chia nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ee9ng v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf. V\u1ecf c\u00e0nh nh\u1ecf th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed1i m\u00e0u ho\u1eb7c \u0111en. L\u00e1 non m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf, l\u00e1 nh\u1ecf h\u00ecnh thu\u1ed7n \u00edt khi d\u00e0i h\u01a1n 15,2cm. L\u00e1 c\u00f3 cu\u1ed1ng, m\u00e9p l\u00e1 c\u00f3 r\u0103ng c\u01b0a nh\u1ecdn, 3 l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc c\u00e1ch xo\u00e1y \u1ed1c, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea7m non c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 2 l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ed1i. <\/p>\n Hoa t\u1ef1 th\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u1ecf, ch\u1ec9 d\u00e0i 5,1 \u0111\u1ebfn 12,7cm; c\u00f3 t\u1eeb 50 – 100 b\u00f4ng hoa, Hoa m\u00e0u h\u1ed3ng phai. <\/p>\n M\u00f9a qu\u1ea3 ch\u00edn t\u1ea1i \u00fac l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 4, t\u1ea1i California l\u00e0 th\u00e1ng 11. <\/p>\n V\u1ecf qu\u1ea3 xanh x\u00e1m, c\u00f3 l\u00f4ng nhung m\u00e0u tr\u1eafng r\u1ea5t d\u00e0y. <\/p>\n V\u1ecf h\u1ea1t nh\u1eb5n b\u00f3ng, c\u1ee1 h\u1ea1t ch\u1eebng 0,95 – 0,61cm, nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1eafng v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0103n. Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u00e2y c\u1ea3nh. <\/p>\n 1. <\/strong>4- Macadamia Prealta F.Muell <\/strong>– M\u1eafc-ca c\u1ea7u <\/strong> <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 tr\u00f2n nh\u01b0 qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea7u. Ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 trong v\u00f9ng m\u01b0a gi\u1eefa Quensland v\u00e0 New South wales . Qu\u1ea3 to ch\u1eebng 5cm, r\u1ea5t tr\u00f2n, ch\u1ee9a 1 – 2 h\u1ea1t. V\u1ecf h\u1ea1t m\u1ecfng, hi\u1ec7n ch\u01b0a t\u00ecm ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai. <\/p>\n 1.5- Macadamia Whelanii F.M.Bailey <\/strong>: <\/p>\n C\u0169ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed1 trong v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng m\u01b0a gi\u1eefa Quensland v\u00e0 New South wales . L\u00e1 nguy\u00ean kh\u00f4ng r\u0103ng c\u01b0a. Nh\u00e2n s\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9c, nh\u01b0ng th\u1ed5 d\u00e2n mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f4ng \u00fac v\u1eabn \u0103n sau khi rang ch\u00edn. \u0110\u1ebfn nay v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ebfn quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n 2- C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng <\/strong>: <\/p>\n C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng theo quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb 2 lo\u00e0i: M\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t l\u00e1ng (M. integrifolia) v\u00e0 M\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t nh\u00e1m (M. tetraphylla) v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng lai gi\u1eefa 2 lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn nay to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean, g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean 50 d\u00f2ng trong s\u1ed1 \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a \u00fac v\u00e0 Hawaii . <\/p>\n 2.1- C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a Hawaii . <\/strong> <\/p>\n T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1922, tr\u1ea1m th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hawaii \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u1eed c\u00e2y M\u1eafc-ca \u1edf quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i, nh\u01b0ng do tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y h\u1ea1t n\u00ean kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1936, Tr\u1ea1m th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p n\u00e0y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u01b0u tr\u1ed9i; t\u1eeb 12.000 c\u00e1 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho 15 c\u00e2y tr\u1ed9i v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n v\u00f4 t\u00ednh. \u0110\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1948 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m 1954 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1eb7t th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p d\u00f2ng nh\u1eb1m t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 th\u1ee5 ph\u1ea5n, nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng, thu h\u00e1i, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn. <\/p>\n N\u0103m 1956 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng tr\u00ean quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i. <\/p>\n \u0110\u1ebfn nay t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng M\u1eafc-ca quy m\u00f4 th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i l\u00e0 Gi\u1ed1ng, ph\u1ea3i d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh m\u1edbi mong \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. <\/p>\n Nhi\u1ec1u n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn d\u00f2ng \u01b0u tr\u1ed9i tr\u00ean c\u00e1c trang tr\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, nh\u01b0ng h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn c\u1ee7a Hawaii v\u00e0 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn t\u1eeb lo\u00e0i M\u1eafc-ca v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t l\u00e1ng (Macadamia integrifolia). <\/p>\n T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng do Hawaii tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 phi\u00ean hi\u1ec7u chung l\u00e0 HAES – ch\u1eef c\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea7u trong t\u00ean ti\u1ebfng anh c\u1ee7a tr\u1ea1m th\u1ef1c nghi\u1ec7m n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p Hawaii . \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 phi\u00ean hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t ra khi s\u01a1 tuy\u1ec3n, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 sau khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean m\u1edbi, trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 trong giao d\u1ecbch qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn g\u1ecdi theo th\u00f3i quen c\u0169. Ng\u01b0\u1eddi bi\u00ean t\u1eadp cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ea3 t\u00ean c\u0169 v\u00e0 t\u00ean m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ee1 v\u01b0\u1edbng m\u1eafc trong giao d\u1ecbch sau n\u00e0y. <\/p>\n Khi tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn, ngo\u00e0i s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y r\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi tr\u1ecdng. <\/p>\n 1) T\u1ed5ng t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n : <\/em><\/strong>L\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m c\u1ee7a ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m. X\u00e9t v\u1ec1 ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng, ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 45%. <\/p>\n 2) T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m <\/em><\/strong>: L\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00f3c t\u00e1ch theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn \u0111ang \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. <\/p>\n Trong c\u1ea3 2 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau tr\u00ean, h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n trong nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 1,5%. <\/p>\n 3) T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p 1 <\/em><\/strong>: L\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ph\u1ea7n tr\u0103m gi\u1eefa ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n n\u1ed5i tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t n\u01b0\u1edbc so v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o tr\u1eafc \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p 1 c\u00f3 h\u00e0m l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ea7u t\u1edbi 72% tr\u1edf l\u00ean. Ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau n\u00e0y ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n h\u1ea1t. B\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n t\u1ed1t t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p 1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi 90 – 95%. <\/p>\n 4) K\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u00e2n : <\/em><\/strong>N\u1ebfu m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 2 – 3g th\u00ec \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 l\u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng. <\/p>\n 5) H\u00ecnh h\u00e0i, m\u1eabu m\u00e3 : <\/em><\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u00edch c\u1ee1 \u0111\u1ec1u, b\u00f3ng, \u00edt d\u1eadp v\u1ee1. <\/p>\n 6) S\u1eafc th\u00e1i : <\/em><\/strong>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u1ea7u tr\u1eafng s\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec1u nhau, sau khi s\u1ea5y kh\u00f4 c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u00e0u s\u1eafc. Sau khi x\u00e0o qua d\u1ea7u d\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 m\u00e0u v\u00e0ng s\u1eefa \u0111\u1ec1u nhau. <\/p>\n 7) H\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u00e1n c\u00e2y <\/em><\/strong>: Nh\u1eadn th\u1ee9c chung l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u00e1i t\u00e1n c\u00e2y ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng s\u1ebd cho s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb di\u1ec7n t\u00edch cao. <\/p>\n D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00f3i tr\u00ean, Hawaii \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng sau \u0111\u00e2y : <\/p>\n Keauhou – HAES 246 Kakea – HAES 508 <\/p>\n Nuuan – HAES 336 Kohala – HAES 386 <\/p>\n Pahou – HAES 428 <\/p>\n C\u00e1c n\u0103m sau l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0a ra th\u00eam c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng sau \u0111\u00e2y : <\/p>\n IKaika – HAES 333 Wailua – HAES 475 <\/p>\n Keaau – HAES 660 Kau – HAES 344 <\/p>\n Mauka – HAES 471 Makai – HAES 800 <\/p>\n Purvis – HAES 294 Pahala – HAES 788 <\/p>\n Denison – HAES 790 <\/p>\n v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00f2ng lai l\u00e0 Beaumont – HAES 695 v\u00e0 NSW 44 v.v… <\/p>\n C\u00e1c d\u00f2ng sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i t\u1ea1i Hawaii : <\/strong> <\/p>\n 1) Keauhou (HAES 246) <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n Ch\u1ecdn ra v\u00e0o n\u0103m 1936, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u0103m 1948. <\/p>\n T\u00e1n tr\u00f2n, xo\u00e8 r\u1ea5t r\u1ed9ng, chia c\u00e0nh r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 h\u01a1i u\u1ed1n cong xu\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u00e0nh t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u1ecf ho\u1eb7c trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00e1 \u00edt nh\u1ecdn v\u00e0 h\u01a1i cong l\u00ean, m\u00e9p l\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng, r\u0103ng c\u01b0a (gai l\u00e1) \u1edf m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh, b\u1ea3n l\u00e1 hay cong v\u1eb7n. <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 to, m\u00e0u n\u00e2u <\/p>\n R\u1ed1n h\u1ea1t to v\u00e0 h\u01a1i l\u1ed3i, h\u1ea1t c\u00f3 g\u00e2n r\u1ed9ng h\u01a1i l\u00f5m th\u00e0nh r\u00e3nh v\u00e0 nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t. Hoa v\u0103n h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee9ng t\u1eadp trung nhi\u1ec1u quanh v\u00f9ng r\u1ed1n b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng. <\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Hawaii , tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n kho\u1ea3ng 7,2g; trong \u0111\u00f3 ph\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 2,8g, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 39%, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n qu\u1ea3 lo\u1ea1i 1 \u0111\u1ea1t 85% (so v\u1edbi h\u1ea1t). S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u nhau gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. T\u1ea1i Hawaii d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed1t t\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea3o K\u00f4-na, t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea3o kh\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o n\u00e0y th\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p 1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Nh\u01b0ng t\u1ea1i \u00fac, d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng tin c\u1eady, theo d\u00f5i su\u1ed1t 4 v\u1ee5 li\u1ec1n d\u00f2ng n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c (s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 36,5kg nh\u00e2n\/c\u00e2y, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n 39,2%). <\/p>\n Theo d\u00f5i t\u1ea1i Trung Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y Keauhou (246) ch\u00edn mu\u1ed9n h\u01a1n Hinder (gi\u00f2ng H 2 c\u1ee7a \u00fac), th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ea7u s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p nh\u01b0ng t\u1eeb 10 tu\u1ed5i tr\u1edf \u0111i s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u1eeba cao v\u1eeba \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu b\u00e3o t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i k\u00e9m. <\/p>\n 2) Kakea (508) <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn n\u0103m 1936, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u0103m 1948. <\/p>\n T\u00e1n l\u00e1 tr\u00f2n h\u1eb9p ho\u1eb7c h\u00ecnh th\u00e1p nh\u1ecdn, v\u1ecf c\u00e2y nh\u1ea1t m\u00e0u h\u01a1n c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a Hawaii, \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00e1 h\u01a1i tr\u00f2n, m\u00e9p l\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng, \u00edt r\u0103ng c\u01b0a ho\u1eb7c m\u00e9p nguy\u00ean, c\u00f3 khi m\u00e9p l\u00e1 u\u1ed1n cong. C\u00e0nh c\u1ee9ng, kho\u1ebb, \u0111\u1ed1t c\u00e0nh ng\u1eafn, l\u00e1 m\u1ecdc t\u1eadp trung d\u1ea7y \u0111\u1eb7c \u1edf \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ea7u c\u00e0nh. <\/p>\n K\u00edch c\u1ee1 qu\u1ea3 trung b\u00ecnh, qu\u1ea3 tr\u00f2n, r\u1ed1n h\u1ea1t to v\u1eeba ph\u1ea3i, \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng g\u00e2n v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t m\u1ea7u n\u00e2u \u0111\u1ecf nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng l\u00f5m th\u00e0nh r\u00e3nh. <\/p>\n T\u1ea1i Hawaii tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 7g, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n nh\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 2,5g, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n 36%, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p 1 tr\u00ean 90%. <\/p>\n \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 d\u00f2ng cao s\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t \u1edf qu\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea3o Hawaii . <\/p>\n D\u00f2ng n\u00e0y kh\u00e1 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng l\u1ea1nh, tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ea1i b\u00e1n \u0111\u1ea3o L\u00f4i Ch\u00e2u, Qu\u1ea3ng \u0110\u00f4ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng cao v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu b\u00e3o k\u00e9m. <\/p>\n 3) Ikaika (333) <\/em><\/strong> <\/p>\n Tuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ecdn n\u0103m 1936, \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean n\u0103m 1952. T\u00e1n l\u00e1 tr\u00f2n m\u00e0u xanh \u0111\u1eadm, l\u00e1 to, \u0111\u00f4i khi c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 l\u00e1 gi\u00e0 r\u1ea5t to (25cm x 8cm) \u0111u\u00f4i l\u00e1 h\u01a1i vu\u00f4ng v\u00e0 cong v\u1eb7n, m\u00e9p l\u00e1 l\u01b0\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng r\u1ea5t m\u1ea1nh, nhi\u1ec1u gai (r\u0103ng c\u01b0a s\u1eafc). <\/p>\n Qu\u1ea3 m\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf n\u00e2u \u0111\u1eadm v\u00e0 h\u01a1i c\u00f3 ch\u00fat hoa v\u0103n, g\u00e2n tr\u00ean v\u1ecf h\u1ea1t kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5. T\u1ea1i Hawaii tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 6,5g, tr\u1ecdng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u00e2n b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ea1t 2,2g, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 nh\u00e2n 36%, nh\u00e2n c\u1ea5p 1 \u0111\u1ea1t 90%. <\/p>\n D\u00f2ng n\u00e0y s\u1ee9c s\u1ed1ng m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd, ch\u1ed1ng ch\u1ecbu t\u1ed1t, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu l\u1ea1nh v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu b\u00e3o t\u1ed1t. <\/p>\n T<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" Chi Macadamia g\u1ed3m nhi\u1ec1u loài, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt là Macadamia tetraphylla, và M. integrifolia, thu\u1ed9c H\u1ecd Proteaceae, h\u1ea1t ch\u1ee9a d\u1ea7u cho th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m g\u1ea7n gi\u1ed1ng h\u1ea1t \u0110i\u1ec1u. \u0110ây là cây l\u1ea5y qu\u1ea3 n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng và \u0111ang tr\u1edf thành cây tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf hoá nh\u01b0 cà phê, ca cao, cao su… M\u1eafc ca nguyên s\u1ea3n \u1edf bang Queensland n\u01b0\u1edbc úc , ng\u01b0\u1eddi châu Âu \u0111\u1ea7u tiên di c\u01b0 \u0111\u1ebfn úc g\u1ecdi cây này là Gi\u1ebb Queensland, v\u1ec1 sau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadp v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng \u1edf Ha-oai t\u1ea1o ra hàng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u quy mô l\u1edbn, trên th\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m này \u0111ã \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang tên m\u1edbi là qu\u1ea3 khô Ha-oai…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[21],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8891"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8891"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8891\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10347,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8891\/revisions\/10347"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8891"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8891"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8891"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
l\u00e2u d\u00e0i) <\/p>\nIII. Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i v\u00e0 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u c\u00e1c d\u00f2ng v\u00f4 t\u00ednh \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng <\/h3>\n