\u0110\u1ea5t r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi l\u00e0 n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 suy tho\u00e1i m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn v\u00e0o \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n
\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh: s\u1ef1 phong ph\u00fa v\u1ec1 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i, t\u00ednh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cao khi kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1edbi, \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt hoang d\u00e3, h\u1ec7 vi sinh v\u1eadt (\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh b\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9 chua c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t) \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u m\u00f9n \u0111\u1eb7c th\u00f9. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng n\u0103m do t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00ed h\u1eadu l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng.<\/p>\n
Nh\u1eefng th\u00f3i quen truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng trong canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p du canh t\u1ea1o thu\u1eadn l\u1ee3i cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 trong \u0111\u1ea5t, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m gia t\u0103ng m\u00f9a m\u00e0ng, c\u1ea3nh quan \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c v\u00e0 l\u00e0 t\u00e1c nh\u00e2n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n
Nhi\u1ec1u t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 Maldague (1970), Swift (1979), Lavelle (1992) \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1edbi thi\u1ec7u m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t, s\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c kho\u00e1ng ch\u1ea5t cho c\u00e2y c\u1ed1i, c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh th\u00f4ng qua h\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1ea5t. Jordan(1987) \u0111\u00e3 xu\u1ea5t b\u1ea3n m\u1ed9t t\u00e1c ph\u1ea9m t\u1eadp th\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 h\u1eadu qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a khai hoang v\u00e0 ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng \u1edf Amazon v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n
\u0110a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc trong \u0111\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/p>\n Trong l\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ea5t, th\u1eddi gian sinh s\u1ea3n th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u1eafn: vi khu\u1ea9n c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian sinh s\u1ea3n 20 ph\u00fat, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i l\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 l\u00e0 n\u01a1i m\u00e0 s\u1ef1 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean x\u1ea3y ra d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed5i thay v\u1ec1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n Nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ho\u1ea1i th\u1ef1c (saprophages), \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0m kho\u00e1ng ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb cho s\u1ef1 sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt. \u0110\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo th\u1eddi gian c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt v\u00e0 khi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n th\u1ebf r\u1eebng m\u1edbi s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i r\u1eebng m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t di\u1ec5n th\u1ebf th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi tu\u1ed5i th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c sau r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m khi m\u00e0 qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt \u1edf \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ea1t t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n m\u1ea1nh.<\/p>\n Mu\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u00e1c m\u1ed1i li\u00ean quan gi\u1eefa sinh th\u00e1i, \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3, c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t b\u1ea3n th\u1ed1ng k\u00ea t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n Ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh Ecerex (1977-1982, Guyane thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00e1p) \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t ch\u1ed3i g\u1ed1c tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh r\u1eebng g\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea5y (25ha) tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t feralit, \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu \u1edf l\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t (ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ee5c b\u1ed9). S\u1ef1 tu\u1ea7n ho\u00e0n c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc trong \u0111\u1ea5t chua (\u0111\u1ed9 pH 4-4,5) c\u1ee7a v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p (Humbel. 1978, Boulet, 1990). Nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ea7u ngu\u1ed3n (Lescure et al, 1990) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1eadt th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng (Betch et al, 1990) t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 ti\u00eau n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 do theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ee9ng.<\/p>\n M\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh r\u1eebng g\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ch\u1eb7t v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n, trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian 15 n\u0103m (Betch, Cancela da Fonseca, 1995) \u0111\u00e3 cho ph\u00e9p nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i qu\u1ea7n c\u01b0 th\u1ed5 nh\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chu k\u1ef3 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng x\u1ea3y ra ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng, b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y v\u00e0 ch\u00e1y d\u1eef d\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n \u1ea3nh<\/strong>h\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng l\u00e0m r\u1eaby<\/strong><\/p>\n S\u1ef1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i c\u00f4n tr\u00f9ng vi sinh ch\u00e2n c\u00f3 kh\u1edbp (microarthropodes collemboles) cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc cao v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a m\u01b0a v\u00e0 th\u1ea5p v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n Trong khai hoang kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng, s\u1ef1 t\u0103ng tr\u01b0\u1edfng lu\u1ef9 ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n Trong khai hoang \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng, c\u00e1c t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1ea5t bi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 trong 3 n\u0103m, cho t\u1edbi khi th\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh, b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n hi\u1ec3n th\u1ecb s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n Trong khai hoang \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng, \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u00e1i r\u1eebng ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 trong v\u00f2ng 3 n\u0103m khi kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt l\u00e0m th\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c, ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y trong chu vi v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, cho ph\u00e9p kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh hu\u1ef7 ho\u1ea1i sinh v\u1eadt t\u1eeb 1m t\u00ednh t\u1eeb b\u00eca r\u1eebng n\u0103m th\u1ee9 3 \u0111\u1ebfn 2m n\u0103m th\u1ee9 4 v\u00e0 3m v\u00e0o n\u0103m th\u1ee9 6.<\/p>\n \u0110\u1ea5t r\u1eebng khi b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t, ph\u1eabu di\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m (ngay c\u1ea3 trong m\u00f9a m\u01b0a) r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. L\u1edbp \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t ngh\u00e8o ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1, \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m th\u1ea5p (10cm chi\u1ec1u s\u00e2u). S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4i ph\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ea5t \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y chuy\u1ec3n qua m\u1ed9t giai \u0111o\u1ea1n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc. Ch\u1ec9 4 n\u0103m sau n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby, c\u00e1c ch\u1ed3i t\u00e1i sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1eeba h\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 cung c\u1ea5p v\u1ec1 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0o m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, cho ph\u00e9p ph\u1ee7 xanh d\u1ea7n v\u00f9ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y.<\/p>\n Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ef1 tr\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1ed3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed9 ph\u00ec nhi\u00eau trong \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng. Vi\u1ec7c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1eebng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch l\u00e2m sinh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ec9 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 m\u1edf ra c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 sinh h\u1ecdc ch\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt kh\u00f4, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi t\u00f4n tr\u1ecdng \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u00e1c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac t\u1ea1i ch\u1ed7 th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c sinh v\u1eadt \u0111ang sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n trong \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n Trong c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, vi\u1ec7c khai th\u00e1c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd r\u1eebng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch khai th\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn g\u1ed7 t\u1ea1o t\u00e1c (15-20m3<\/sup>\/ha), kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian khai th\u00e1c th\u01b0a (30 n\u0103m), ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u1edf Guyane v\u00e0 Paracou.<\/p>\n Trong canh t\u00e1c truy\u1ec1n th\u1ed1ng, vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh canh t\u00e1c sau khai hoang v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby tr\u00ean c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3nh r\u1eebng t\u00e1i sinh c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eb1m x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh kh\u00f4ng thu\u1ea7n nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3nh v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian b\u1ecf ho\u00e1 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 kh\u00f4ng tu\u1ef3 \u00fd, m\u00e0 d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t s\u1ef1 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd mang t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n m\u1ed9t \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc mang t\u00ednh to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu k\u1ef3 canh t\u00e1c – b\u1ecf ho\u00e1.<\/p>\n Mai V\u0103n Th\u00e0nh<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n L\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb t\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Bois et For\u00eats des Tropiques, N0<\/sup> 268\/2001<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" \u0110\u1ea5t r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi là n\u01a1i x\u1ea3y ra s\u1ef1 suy thoái m\u1ea1nh ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t. \u0110i\u1ec1u này ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn vào \u0111a d\u1ea1ng sinh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8670"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8670"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8670\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19250,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8670\/revisions\/19250"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8670"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8670"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8670"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}