Tr\u1ea7n V\u0103n Con<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n
<\/b>Vi\u1ec7n Khoa h\u1ecdc L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i><\/p>\n
R\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n r\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 r\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y g\u1ed7 hay \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby). Tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n r\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed7, l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n (r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t), ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eafn gi\u00f3, c\u00e1t bay, ng\u0103n m\u1eb7n… (r\u1eebng ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9) hay \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n gen, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i qui hi\u1ebfm, c\u00f3 nguy c\u01a1 di\u1ec7t ch\u1ee7ng, \u0111\u1ec3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc… (r\u1eebng \u0111\u1eb7c d\u1ee5ng).<\/p>\n
Khi r\u1eebng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean b\u1ecb gi\u1ea3m s\u00fat v\u00e0 \u0111e do\u1ea1 th\u00ec lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng. \u1ede n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc s\u01a1 khai c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t th\u0103m d\u00f2, th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 Ph\u00e1p thu\u1ed9c. T\u1eeb n\u0103m 1930-1941 c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 13.700 ha r\u1eebng (B\u1ed9 NN&PTNT, 2001). Trong th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1945-1954, m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 b\u1eadn tr\u0103m c\u00f4ng ng\u00e0n vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a cu\u1ed9c kh\u00e1ng chi\u1ebfn ch\u1ed1ng Ph\u00e1p, Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam D\u00e2n Ch\u1ee7 C\u1ed9ng Ho\u00e0 c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y g\u00e2y r\u1eebng (Th\u00f4ng t\u01b0 s\u1ed1 366 TTg ng\u00e0y 12\/3\/1954) v\u00e0 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u00e2n d\u00e2n tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ph\u1ea3i k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1954 v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i qua c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 sau \u0111\u00e2y: (i) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1954-1975: qui m\u00f4 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng nh\u1ecf, kho\u1ea3ng 50.000\/ha\/n\u0103m. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 th\u00f4ng, m\u1ee1 v\u00e0 b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng trong giai \u0111o\u1ea1n n\u00e0y r\u1ea5t k\u00e9m, gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh r\u1eebng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p, kho\u1ea3ng 30%. (ii) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1976-1985: qui m\u00f4 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea1t m\u1ee9c 160.000 ha\/n\u0103m. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu: th\u00f4ng, m\u1ee1, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n, t\u1ebfch, l\u00e1t, sao d\u1ea7u. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ecdn l\u1ecdc \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i. Tuy nhi\u00ean, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh r\u1eebng c\u0169ng m\u1edbi ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 50%; n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p: 3-5 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m. (iii) Th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 1986-\u0111\u1ebfn nay: qui m\u00f4 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n kho\u1ea3ng 200.000 ha\/n\u0103m. T\u1eadp \u0111o\u00e0n c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng l\u00ean h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m lo\u00e0i; tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00f3 qui m\u00f4 tr\u1ed3ng l\u1edbn tr\u00ean 100 ha c\u0169ng d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i tr\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi ch\u1ee5c lo\u00e0i m\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu v\u1eabn l\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n, keo, th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng. K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9, gi\u1ed1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e2y con \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t r\u1eebng t\u0103ng l\u00ean r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t: \u0111\u1ea1t 9-10 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m; c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng n\u01a1i \u0111\u1ea1t tr\u00ean 25m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh r\u1eebng kh\u00e1 h\u01a1n: 70-80%. T\u00f3m l\u1ea1i, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng v\u00e0 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u00ednh trong ng\u00e0nh l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p thay cho ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng khai th\u00e1c l\u00e0 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu trong c\u00e1c th\u1eddi k\u1ef3 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. T\u00ednh \u0111\u1ebfn nay (2005) di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng trong to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t con s\u1ed1 2 tri\u1ec7u ha (s\u1ed1 ch\u00ednh th\u1ee9c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn 31\/12\/2002l\u00e0 1.919.569 ha) (B\u1ed9 NN&PTNT, 2003).<\/p>\n Chuy\u00ean \u0111\u1ec1 n\u00e0y nh\u1eb1m m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf v\u00f9ng mi\u1ec1n n\u00fai ph\u00eda b\u1eafc Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n 1. T\u1ed5ng quan v\u1ec1 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng bao g\u1ed3m c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n 1. Chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng: ch\u1ecdn l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba, x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ef1c b\u00ec, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t, cu\u1ed1c h\u1ed1…<\/p>\n 2. Ch\u1ecdn lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb gi\u1ed1ng: ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e2y con<\/p>\n 3. Thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng: tr\u1ed3ng ch\u00ednh, tr\u1ed3ng d\u1eb7m v\u00e0 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c\/b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n Nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng: b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, t\u1ec9a th\u01b0a, ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh\/l\u1eeda r\u1eebng, tr\u1ed3ng b\u1ed5 sung c\u00e2y d\u01b0\u1edbi t\u00e1n…<\/p>\n H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u00e1p trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng. \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng, v\u00ec m\u1ed7i giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c nhau. \u0110\u1ec3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh, tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt:<\/p>\n 2. \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chung v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u00e2m sinh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/b><\/p>\n Trong ph\u1ea7n n\u00e0y ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u00e0n v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt x\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ef1c b\u00ec hay l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t tuy c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan r\u1ea5t m\u1eadt thi\u1ebft v\u1edbi l\u00e2m sinh nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n. C\u00e1c tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0: c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng; k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 t\u1ea1o c\u00e2y con, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u00e2m sinh.<\/p>\n 2.1. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i n\u00f3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean r\u1ea5t cao cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n giao c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m qua, mang l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1ea3y v\u1ecdt g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i m\u1ecdc nhanh cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea5y nh\u01b0 keo lai, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00fac k\u1ebft th\u00e0nh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng qui tr\u00ecnh, qui ph\u1ea1m v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t (B\u1ed9 NN&PTNT, 2001).<\/p>\n Cho \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 g\u1ea7n 50 gi\u1ed1ng c\u00e2y l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u \u0111\u00f3, nh\u00ecn chung ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng v\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng. Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 qui ch\u1ebf qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t chu\u1ed7i h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a ngu\u1ed3n gi\u1ed1ng t\u1eeb v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ban \u0111\u1ea7u (l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n, v\u01b0\u1eddn gi\u1ed1ng, c\u00e2y m\u1eb9, d\u00f2ng…) \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng (h\u1ea1t, m\u00f4, hom) v\u00e0 c\u1ea5p ch\u1ee9ng ch\u1ec9 cho c\u00e1c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u00f3. Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qui ch\u1ebf, th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh v\u1eabn kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac. V\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi keo v\u00e0 b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n lai, nhi\u1ec1u n\u01a1i v\u1eabn tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t, trong khi B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p & PTNT \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i n\u00e0y b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y con t\u1ea1o b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00f4, hom.<\/p>\n 2.2. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o c\u00e2y con.<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n B\u00ean c\u1ea1nh c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c ch\u1ecdn v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ed1ng, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o c\u00e2y con c\u0169ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u01b0\u1ee3t b\u1eadc. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o c\u00e2y con c\u00f3 b\u1ea7u trong v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 th\u00f4ng, m\u1ee1 , b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng qui tr\u00ecnh qui ph\u1ea1m \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00e2y con b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao nh\u01b0 gi\u00e2m hom, nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y m\u00f4 c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n nhanh ch\u00f3ng, nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc nhanh nh\u01b0 c\u00e2y keo lai, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n europhylla, pel\u00edsta, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n lai…. Kh\u00f4ng k\u1ec3 c\u00e1c v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 kho\u1ea3ng 10 v\u01b0\u1eddn \u01b0\u01a1m nh\u00e2n gi\u1ed1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 cao (hom, m\u00f4) c\u00f3 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u c\u00e2y con\/n\u0103m r\u1ea3i ra tr\u00ean c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng B\u1eafc Trung Nam \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n <\/p>\n 2.3. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng<\/i><\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 ch\u1ecdn lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba th\u00edch h\u1ee3p trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0u ti\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh qui tr\u00ecnh hay h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cho c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. V\u00ec v\u1eady, r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ch\u1ee7 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n kh\u00e1 l\u00fang t\u00fang trong vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 ch\u1ecdn lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. C\u01a1 c\u1ea5u c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh cho t\u1eebng v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf-sinh th\u00e1i theo Q\u0110 680 ng\u00e0y 15\/8\/1986 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1ed5 sung n\u00e2ng s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y khuy\u1ebfn c\u00e1o l\u00ean r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u, trong \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba. Tuy nhi\u00ean trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y th\u00f4ng, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n, keo lu\u00f4n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c. Nh\u1eefng n\u0103m g\u1ea7n \u0111\u00e2y, lu\u1ed3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i tre l\u1ea5y m\u0103ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 ch\u1ed5 \u0111\u1ee9ng trong nh\u00f3m c\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a th\u00edch. C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y \u0111\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m nhi\u1ec1u nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 qu\u1ebf, s\u1edf, h\u1ed3i (ph\u00eda B\u1eafc) v\u00e0 b\u1eddi l\u1eddi (T\u00e2y Nguy\u00ean). Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u0169ng c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn c\u00f3 tri\u1ec3n v\u1ecdng v\u1ec1 th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ng\u01b0\u1eddi tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn nh\u01b0 x\u00e0 c\u1eeb, l\u00e1t m\u00eahic\u00f4, xoan ta, g\u00e1o…<\/p>\n Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 t\u1eeb tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ea7n lo\u00e0i (th\u00f4ng, b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, m\u1edf, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n…) \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ed3ng h\u1ed7n lo\u00e0i, tr\u1ed3ng c\u00e2y ph\u00f9 tr\u1ee3 “t\u1ea1o \u00e1o” n\u00e2ng cao \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh sinh th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi v\u1ee5 tr\u1ed3ng, m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ed3ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u, ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u00e2y con \u0111em tr\u1ed3ng c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng nh\u01b0: th\u00f4ng, b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1, b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n, keo…v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng th\u00e2m canh v\u1edbi su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cao \u0111\u1ec3 n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng cung c\u1ea5p nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u. C\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u0169i nh\u1ecdn trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng th\u00e2m canh l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng, ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n V\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n, \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n h\u1eefu c\u01a1 vi sinh v\u00e0 NPK t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1ec3 b\u00f3n l\u00f3t v\u00e0 b\u00f3n th\u00fac cho c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi t\u1eebng lo\u00e0i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3, tr\u00ean t\u1eebng l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 v\u00e0 t\u1eebng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00ec k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ecdn lo\u1ea1i ph\u00e2n, l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u00f3n, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m b\u00f3n v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, c\u00f3 c\u0103n c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c c\u00e0y to\u00e0n di\u1ec7n ho\u1eb7c theo b\u0103ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t x\u00e1m, t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i b\u1eb1ng ph\u1eb3ng \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Namb\u1ed9. Tr\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t ph\u00e8n \u1edf T\u00e2y Namb\u1ed9, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng l\u00edp, \u1ee5 n\u1ed5i… \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng. Ngo\u00e0i nh\u1eefng ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 cu\u1ed1c h\u1ed1 30x30x30 hay 40x40x40cm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n 2.4. C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng. <\/i><\/b><\/p>\n Tr\u1ed3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00f3, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1eebng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n t\u1ed1t c\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 h\u01a1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng, s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh h\u1ea1i, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ec9a th\u01b0a v\u00e0 c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p x\u1eed l\u00fd l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 \u0111\u01b0a th\u00eam c\u00e2y b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ecba v\u00e0o c\u00e1c r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng thu\u1ea7n lo\u00e0i, \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 l\u00e2m sinh \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng v\u1ec1 sinh th\u00e1i. C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng:<\/p>\n – Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng b\u1ec7nh r\u01a1m l\u00e1 th\u00f4ng. QTN 13-78 ban h\u00e0nh k\u00e8m theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh 1201 ng\u00e0y 5\/7\/1978c\u1ee7a t\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n – Qui ph\u1ea1m ph\u00f2ng ch\u1ed1ng ch\u00e1y, ch\u1eefa ch\u00e1y r\u1eebng th\u00f4ng, r\u1eebng tr\u00e0m v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 r\u1eebng d\u1ec5 ch\u00e1y kh\u00e1c. QPN 8-96 ban h\u00e0nh k\u00e8m theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh 801 ng\u00e0y 26\/5\/1996c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n – Qui tr\u00ecnh ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb ong \u0103n l\u00e1 m\u1ee1. QTN 16-79 ban h\u00e0nh k\u00e8m theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh 1148 ng\u00e0y 26\/11\/1979c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p<\/p>\n – Quy tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ph\u00f2ng tr\u1eeb s\u00e2u xanh \u0103n l\u00e1 b\u1ed3 \u0111\u1ec1. QTN 23-83 ban h\u00e0nh k\u00e8m theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh 218 ng\u00e0y 2\/3\/1983c\u1ee7a T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n V\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh v\u1ec1 ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, t\u1ec9a th\u01b0a r\u1eebng. Trong ch\u0103m s\u00f3c r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng, tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 qui \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 ba, hi\u1ec7n nay th\u1eddi gian ch\u0103m s\u00f3c \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn n\u0103m th\u1ee9 t\u01b0, th\u1ee9 n\u0103m.<\/p>\n 2.5 \u0110\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 chung<\/i><\/b>.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n n\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng; t\u1eeb n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n 8-9 m3<\/sup>\/ha hi\u1ec7n nay \u0111\u00e3 t\u0103ng g\u1ea7n g\u1ea5p hai l\u1ea7n, c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 (Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Qu\u00e1t et al, 2003):<\/p>\n – R\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n europhylla b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2y m\u00f4 \u0111\u1ea1t n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t 16 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 7-8 \u1edf B\u1eafc b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 trung Trung b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n – B\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n caman tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ea1t 15 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 8-9 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Trung v\u00e0 h\u01a1n 16 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m \u1edf \u0110\u00f4ng Nam b\u1ed9.<\/p>\n – Keo tai t\u01b0\u1ee3ng tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng h\u1ea1t cho n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t 17-18 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 8 \u1edf mi\u1ec1n B\u1eafc; th\u00e2m canh cao \u1edf mi\u1ec1n Nam c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t 20-25 m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m.<\/p>\n – Keo lai tr\u1ed3ng b\u1eb1ng hom \u1edf nhi\u1ec1u v\u00f9ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u1ea1t n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t 20m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 7 n\u0103m v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng khu r\u1eebng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ea1t 30-35m3<\/sup>\/ha\/n\u0103m.<\/p>\n 3. T\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh hi\u1ec7n nay v\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh ph\u00eda B\u1eafc bao g\u1ed3m ba v\u00f9ng kinh t\u1ebf sinh th\u00e1i: V\u00f9ng T\u00e2y B\u1eafc (Ho\u00e0 B\u00ecnh, Lai Ch\u00e2u v\u00e0 S\u01a1n La), V\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc (Cao B\u1eb1ng, B\u1eafc C\u1ea1n, L\u1ea1ng S\u01a1n, Th\u00e1i Nguy\u00ean, Qu\u1ea3ng Ninh, B\u1eafc Giang) v\u00e0 V\u00f9ng Trung t\u00e2m (H\u00e0 Giang, Y\u00ean B\u00e1i, Ph\u00fa Th\u1ecd, V\u0129nh Ph\u00fac, Tuy\u00ean Quang, L\u00e0o Cai). C\u00e1c lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y tr\u1ed3ng \u01b0u ti\u00ean cho tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf c\u00e1c v\u00f9ng n\u00e0y bao g\u1ed3m: nh\u00f3m c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i keo, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i b\u1ea1ch \u0111\u00e0n, c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u00e0i tre lu\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec3 cung c\u1ea5p g\u1ed7 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea5y, g\u1ed7 tr\u1ee5 m\u1ecf v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 gia d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n C\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh n\u00f3i \u1edf ph\u1ea7n tr\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi nh\u00f3m lo\u00e0i nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 ng\u1eafn. Th\u00f4ng qua c\u00e1c ch\u01b0\u01a1ng tr\u00ecnh, d\u1ef1 \u00e1n, \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd l\u00e0 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng KfW1 \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00f9ng \u0110\u00f4ng B\u1eafc, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u gi\u1ea5y \u1edf c\u00e1c t\u1ec9nh v\u00f9ng Trung t\u00e2m, c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n Tuy nhi\u00ean, x\u00e9t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u00ec c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e2u quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd, v\u1eabn c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u kho\u1ea3ng tr\u1ed1ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft th\u1eadm ch\u00ed c\u00f2n b\u1ebf t\u1eafc. \u0110\u00f3 l\u00e0 ch\u01b0a n\u00f3i c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng th\u00e0nh qui tr\u00ecnh, qui ph\u1ea1m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch nghi\u00eam t\u00fac trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00ec thi\u1ebfu c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t. C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2m sinh ch\u01b0a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c ch\u00ednh th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. R\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eabn c\u00f2n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng gi\u1ed1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngu\u1ed3n g\u00f3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 s\u1eed kh\u00f4ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00e2y con s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 m\u00f4 hom v\u00ec l\u00fd do gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh cao (\u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ch\u1ee7 d\u1ef1 \u00e1n tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng b\u1eb1ng v\u1ed1n ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch 661). C\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean ho\u00e0n t\u1eeb ch\u1ecdn l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba \u0111\u1ebfn thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf vi m\u00f4, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed3ng, ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, nu\u00f4i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p. C\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng thu\u1ea7n lo\u00e0i v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng nguy c\u01a1 v\u1ec1 s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh v\u00e0 tho\u00e1i ho\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea5t. C\u00e1c ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u1ec1 \u0111a d\u1ea1ng ho\u00e1 l\u00e2m sinh, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng h\u1ed7n giao m\u1edbi trong t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0 ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i.<\/p>\n 4. Nh\u1eefng b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n T\u1ed5ng quan c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u v\u1ec1 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e2m sinh v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 v\u00e0o tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 r\u00fat ra m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e0i h\u1ecdc sau \u0111\u00e2y:<\/p>\n \u00b7 C\u00f4ng t\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2m sinh tuy \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 v\u00e0 li\u00ean ho\u00e0n, c\u00f2n thi\u00ean l\u1ec7ch v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb. Sai s\u00f3t n\u00e0y l\u00e0 do: (i) Ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t quan ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn v\u1ec1 b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, r\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t qu\u1ea7n th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c v\u1eadt ph\u00e1t sinh, ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 t\u00e1i sinh theo nh\u1eefng qui lu\u1eadt kh\u00e1ch quan. C\u00e2y r\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111ai c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00ed h\u1eadu t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c h\u1ee3p. V\u1edbi t\u01b0 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p th\u00ec \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng l\u00e0 \u1edf ch\u1ed5 n\u00f3 v\u1eeba l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng, v\u1eeba l\u00e0 t\u01b0 li\u1ec7u s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. C\u00e2y r\u1eebng t\u1eeb khi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cho s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian r\u1ea5t d\u00e0i (8-10 n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y m\u1ecdc nhanh, v\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c, c\u00f3 khi h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m n\u0103m \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 l\u1edbn, g\u1ed7 qu\u00ed); trong khi \u0111\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch d\u00e0i nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 5 n\u0103m. (ii) Thi\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p. Kinh ph\u00ed nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u01b0\u1eddng tu\u1ef3 theo kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ng\u00e2n s\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng n\u0103m d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ee7 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ebft lu\u1eadn m\u1ed9t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt. (iii) Hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n sau khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i k\u1ebft th\u00fac do nhi\u1ec1u l\u00fd do thu\u1ed9c v\u1ec1 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf g\u00e2y nhi\u1ec1u l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu c\u01a1 s\u1edf v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho c\u00e1c th\u1ebf h\u1ec7 k\u1ebf t\u1ee5c. (iv) Trong khi ngh\u1ec1 r\u1eebng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ngh\u1ec1 g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh sinh h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt cao th\u00ec quan ni\u1ec7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u1ea1i cho vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh lao \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u01a1n ai l\u00e0m c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. (vi) Trong ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean ho\u00e0n cho tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00edt ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u1eadp \u0111\u1ecba vi m\u00f4; vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m s\u00f3c r\u1eebng th\u01b0\u1eddng qui \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u00e0i n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u m\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1ng l\u1ebd ph\u1ea3i coi \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n \u00b7 S\u1ef1 g\u1eafn k\u1ebft gi\u1eefa nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c. Trong m\u1ed9t th\u1eddi gian d\u00e0i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u00edt ch\u00fa tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ebfn vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2m sinh trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1o vi\u1ec7c ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch l\u00e0 ch\u00ednh. Nhi\u1ec1u th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m sinh ch\u1ec9 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u1edf b\u00e1o c\u00e1o khoa h\u1ecdc, ch\u1eadm \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt hay qui tr\u00ecnh qui ph\u1ea1m. Ngay c\u1ea3 khi \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 qui tr\u00ecnh qui ph\u1ea1m th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng b\u1ecb vi ph\u1ea1m. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 th\u00e0nh r\u1eebng kh\u00f4ng cao, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng qu\u00e1 th\u1ea5p \u1edf c\u00e1c l\u00e2m tr\u01b0\u1eddng qu\u1ed1c doanh.<\/p>\n \u00b7 Trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ngh\u1ec1 r\u1eebng vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed3i d\u01b0\u1ee1ng, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o c\u00e1n b\u1ed9, c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u00fang m\u1ee9c do c\u00e1c quan ni\u1ec7m coi th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng. Nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh t\u1ed1t v\u1ec1 r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u g\u1eafn v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh nh\u01b0 gi\u1ed1ng t\u1ed1t, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt th\u00e2m canh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u1ea5t b\u1ea1i l\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c coi th\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n \u00b7 Su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd v\u00e0 th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c kh\u1ed1ng ch\u1ebf m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ch\u1ee7 quan, \u0111\u1ecbnh t\u00ednh d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c qui tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng nghi\u00eam t\u00fac v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 r\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n 5. Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb.<\/b><\/p>\n \u00b7 C\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00f3 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 cho nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2m sinh m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, k\u1ebf th\u1eeba \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u trong c\u00e1c giai \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean ho\u00e0n cho t\u1eebng lo\u00e0i ch\u1ee7 l\u1ef1c t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n gi\u1ed1ng, ch\u1ecdn vi l\u1eadp th\u00edch h\u1ee3p, x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh ph\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ee9c tr\u1ed3ng, c\u00e1c bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p th\u00e2m canh v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n. Trong \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ea7n ch\u00fa \u00fd \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u th\u00edch h\u1ee3p h\u01a1n. C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 h\u1eadu \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i\/d\u1ef1 \u00e1n cho vi\u1ec7c ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i c\u00e1c hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 ho\u00e1 c\u00e1c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2m sinh.<\/p>\n \u00b7 \u0110\u1ec3 c\u00e1c th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u l\u00e2m sinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhanh ch\u00f3ng \u0111i v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i c\u00f3 c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p g\u1eafn k\u1ebft c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1edbi c\u00e1c c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, c\u00f3 m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi ph\u1ed5 c\u1eadp, chuy\u1ec3n giao v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn l\u00e2m r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i \u0111\u1ebfn c\u1ea5p c\u01a1 s\u1edf. C\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n qui tr\u00ecnh, qui ph\u1ea1m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n \u00b7 C\u1ea7n c\u00f3 ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ed9ng cho c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t trong vi\u1ec7c quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh su\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 th\u00edch \u0111\u00e1ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m h\u1ea1ch to\u00e1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh trong khu\u00f4n kh\u1ed5 lu\u1eadt ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n v\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 r\u1eebng. Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ec9 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u00e1m s\u00e1t c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c ch\u1ea5p h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e1p qui v\u1ec1 qui tr\u00ecnh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng sinh th\u00e1i v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o:<\/b><\/p>\n 1. B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 Ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, 2001: L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam1945-2000, NXB. N\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, 2001.<\/p>\n 2. Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 2490\/Q\u0110\/BNN\/KL ng\u00e0y 30\/7\/2003c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 tr\u01b0\u1edfng B\u1ed9 NN&PTNT v\u1ec1 vi\u1ec7c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 di\u1ec7n t\u00edch r\u1eebng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea5t l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p to\u00e0n qu\u1ed1c n\u0103m 2002.<\/p>\n 3. B\u1ed9 NN&PTNT, 2001 V\u1ee5 khoa h\u1ecdc, C\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 v\u00e0 Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m: V\u0103n b\u1ea3n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt l\u00e2m sinh, 2001.<\/p>\n 4. Nguy\u1ec5n Xu\u00e2n Qu\u00e1t, Nguy\u1ec5n H\u1ed3ng Qu\u00e2n, Ph\u1ea1m Quang Minh. Th\u1ef1c tr\u1ea1ng v\u1ec1 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p ch\u1ebf bi\u1ebfn g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n trong 5 n\u0103m qua (1998-2003). T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o N\u00e2ng cao n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam. Ho\u00e0 B\u00ecnh 22-23\/12\/2003.<\/p>\n Systemization of silvicultural techniques applied in production forest planting in the northern mountainous provinces.<\/b><\/p>\n Summary<\/b><\/p>\n The report gives an overview about silviculture technologies applied for afforestation in Northern mountainous provinces. There have been many advances in application of silvicultural technology in forest planting, especially in tree improvement. As regards fast growing species such as Acacia hybrid<\/i>, Eucalyptus europhylla<\/i>…, the breeding and propagation techniques with cutting and tissue culture have made much progress. However, there are many basic problems remain unsolved, crop composition of main using tree species is still partial. There are also many techniques developed in plantation establishment and management. But key intensive plantation management methods have not been attached much importance to. Chain technical system has just been applied singly. Investment rate per ha of plantation is still low, controlled subjectively and qualitative as subsidized patter.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":" R\u1eebng tr\u1ed3ng l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e1c l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n r\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 r\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c tr\u1eafng \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y g\u1ed7 hay \u0111\u1ec3 canh t\u00e1c n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p (n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby). Tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nh\u1eb1m thi\u1ebft l\u1eadp m\u1edbi ho\u1eb7c t\u00e1i t\u1ea1o l\u1ea1i c\u00e1c l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n r\u1eebng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch kh\u00e1c nhau: s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t g\u1ed7, l\u00e2m s\u1ea3n (r\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t), ph\u00f2ng h\u1ed9 n\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p, ch\u1eafn gi\u00f3, c\u00e1t bay, ng\u0103n m\u1eb7n… <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8450"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=8450"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8450\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19108,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/8450\/revisions\/19108"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=8450"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=8450"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=8450"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n
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\n TT<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ed1i t\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/td>\n K\u00fd hi\u1ec7u<\/td>\n M\u00f4 t\u1ea3<\/td>\n K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 1<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng<\/td>\n Wo<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ea5t tr\u1ed1ng, \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 r\u1eebng, \u0111\u1ea5t r\u1eebng v\u1eeba khai th\u00e1c<\/td>\n X\u1eed l\u00fd th\u1ef1c b\u00ec, nh\u1ed5 v\u00e0 gom g\u1ed1c c\u00e2y, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t, cu\u1ed1c h\u1ed1, ch\u1ecdn gi\u1ed1ng, tr\u1ed3ng r\u1eebng…<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 2<\/td>\n R\u1eebng non<\/td>\n W1<\/sub><\/td>\n R\u1eebng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi tr\u1ed3ng ch\u01b0a kh\u00e9p t\u00e1n, tu\u1ed5i t\u1eeb 1-3 n\u0103m<\/td>\n Tr\u1ed3ng d\u1eb7m, l\u00e0m c\u1ecf, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 tr\u00e2u b\u00f2, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh…<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 3<\/td>\n R\u1eebng kh\u00e9p t\u00e1n<\/td>\n W2<\/sub><\/td>\n Th\u00e2n c\u00e2y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u c\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p t\u1ea1o ra t\u00e1n r\u1eadm, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 t\u00e0n che cao, tu\u1ed5i 3-4 n\u0103m<\/td>\n Ch\u0103m s\u00f3c, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7, t\u1ec9a th\u01b0a, t\u1ec9a c\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh kh\u00f4ng gian dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 4<\/td>\n R\u1eebng s\u00e0o<\/td>\n W3<\/sub><\/td>\n C\u00e1c c\u00e0nh th\u1ea5p \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ec9a th\u01b0a (t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean hay nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o) c\u00e2y g\u1ed5 nh\u1ecf, h\u00ecnh s\u00e0o<\/td>\n Qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u00e2u b\u1ec7nh, l\u1eeda r\u1eebng, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9, kh\u00f4ng gian dinh d\u01b0\u1ee1ng b\u1eb1ng t\u1ec9a th\u01b0a<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 5<\/td>\n R\u1eebng trung ni\u00ean<\/td>\n W4<\/sub><\/td>\n C\u00e2y g\u1ed7 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i trung ni\u00ean, \u0111ang giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng m\u1ea1nh<\/td>\n T\u1ec9a th\u01b0a, \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh m\u1eadt \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n 6<\/td>\n R\u1eebng th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c<\/td>\n W5<\/sub><\/td>\n R\u1eebng \u0111\u00e3 th\u00e0nh th\u1ee5c v\u1ec1 c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 (\u0111\u1ea1t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m) ho\u1eb7c v\u1ec1 sinh h\u1ecdc (c\u00e2y ng\u1eebng sinh tr\u01b0\u1edfng)<\/td>\n Khai th\u00e1c, chuy\u1ec3n ho\u00e1 th\u00e0nh r\u1eebng h\u1ed7n giao nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5p tu\u1ed5i…<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n