{"id":311,"date":"2005-07-06T23:45:07","date_gmt":"2005-07-06T23:45:07","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/vafs.dungnq.local\/2005\/07\/06\/phuong-phap-khai-hoang-bao-ton-do-mau-mo-cua-dat-kinh-nghiem-braxin\/"},"modified":"2019-09-25T10:32:01","modified_gmt":"2019-09-25T03:32:01","slug":"phuong-phap-khai-hoang-bao-ton-do-mau-mo-cua-dat-kinh-nghiem-braxin","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/phuong-phap-khai-hoang-bao-ton-do-mau-mo-cua-dat-kinh-nghiem-braxin\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t ( Kinh nghi\u1ec7m Braxin )"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u1edf v\u00f9ng Sinop (ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Mato Grosso,Braxin) m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9mcanh t\u00e1c trong v\u00f2ng 4 n\u0103m sau khai hoang.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Mato Grosso l\u00e0 r\u1eebng thu\u1ee3ng l\u01b0u Amazon, c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 cao kho\u1ea3ng 25 – 30m. N\u0103m 1994, C. Buorguignon – nh\u00e0 sinh v\u1eadt h\u1ecdc v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec1u tra sinh h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u v\u00f9ng Nam Amazon.<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ea5t feralit (oxy ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 hydr\u00e1t ho\u00e1 )<\/p>\n

– \u0110\u1ea5t xavan tr\u01b0\u1edbc khai hoang v\u00e0 sau 2, 4, 12 v\u00e0 18 n\u0103m canh t\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean \u0111\u00e3 kh\u1eb3ng \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ef1 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh d\u01b0\u1edbi r\u1eebng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng sinh h\u1ecdc sau khai hoang do khai th\u00e1c v\u00e0 n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng<\/b><\/p>\n

Sau ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u1ee7i trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4, c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c khai hoang bao g\u1ed3m vi\u1ec7c thu gom c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y.0 Vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ed1t ch\u00e1y n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n (di\u1ec7n t\u00edch n\u00e0y chi\u1ebfm kho\u1ea3ng 15 – 20% ). Khi \u0111\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c ban \u0111\u1ea7u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa ch\u1ecbu kh\u00f4 h\u1ea1n, s\u1ed1ng nh\u1edd tr\u1eddi m\u01b0a, m\u1ecdc kh\u00e1 v\u00e0 th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi v\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 chua. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ea5t gieo h\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y c\u00e0y \u0111\u0129a. S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u1ee7a gi\u1ed1ng l\u00faa n\u00e0y ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c b\u00f3n ph\u00e2n kho\u00e1ng ( 40N – 40 P2<\/sub>O5<\/sub> – 40 K2<\/sub>O\/ ha ) \u0111\u1ea1t kho\u1ea3ng 1800 – 2.200kg\/ ha.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m<\/b><\/p>\n

M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu l\u00e0 b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 t\u1ed1i \u0111a ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t khi khai hoang. C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh theo 3 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n:<\/p>\n

– Ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1 v\u00e0o giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a m\u01b0a (th\u00e1ng 3, 4), kh\u00f4ng ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1 v\u00e0 l\u00e0m n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby v\u00e0o m\u00f9a kh\u00f4.<\/p>\n

– T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1 \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ea1ng trong v\u00f2ng m\u1ed9t n\u0103m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y l\u00e0m cho ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 xanh \u00edt ho\u00e1 g\u1ed7 t\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n hu\u1ef7 trong \u0111\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n

– C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh trong m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 (th\u00e1ng 6, 7) sau ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1 h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t n\u0103m.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thu g\u1ecdn th\u00e2n c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 4 ph\u00eda c\u1ee7a l\u00e2m ph\u1ea7n ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1, t\u1eeb ngo\u00e0i v\u00e0o trong b\u1eb1ng m\u00e1y \u1ee7i v\u00e0 c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i m\u00e1y chuy\u00ean d\u1ee5ng. Sau khi m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecdn s\u1ea1ch, vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ngay. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i 20% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng l\u00e0 th\u00e2n v\u00e0 c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y.<\/p>\n

So s\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh 2 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang.<\/b><\/p>\n

Gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1, gom \u0111\u1ed1ng, d\u1ecdn n\u01b0\u01a1ng r\u1eaby:<\/p>\n

– Khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, c\u1ea7n t\u1eeb 7 gi\u1edd – 7gi\u1edd 30’\/ha. Gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh 350 – 375 USD\/ha.<\/p>\n

– Khai hoang theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m, b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t, c\u1ea7n 8 gi\u1edd 30’\/ha, gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh 425USD\/ha.<\/p>\n

Khai hoang b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1eaft h\u01a1n t\u1eeb 13 – 20% so v\u1edbi khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p canh t\u00e1c 100% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch ngay t\u1eeb n\u0103m \u0111\u1ea7u, trong khi \u0111\u00f3 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ea1t 80% di\u1ec7n t\u00edch \u0111\u1ea5t canh t\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh canh t\u00e1c<\/b><\/p>\n

\u1edf v\u00f9ng Sinop, m\u00f9a m\u01b0a t\u1eeb gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 9 \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng 5 (l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u01b0a kho\u1ea3ng 2.300mm) v\u00e0 m\u00f9a kh\u00f4 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 5 \u0111\u1ebfn gi\u1eefa th\u00e1ng 9. L\u00faa v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eadu t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed3ng t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 12 v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c g\u1eb7t h\u00e1i theo t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t t\u1eeb cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 4. Tuy nhi\u00ean vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c g\u1ed1i v\u1ee5 nh\u01b0: k\u00ea, ng\u00f4, cao l\u01b0\u01a1ng . . . . .\u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong th\u00e1ng 2 ho\u1eb7c th\u00e1ng 3 v\u00e0 v\u1ee5 g\u1eb7t v\u00e0o th\u00e1ng 6.<\/p>\n

K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c khai hoang theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m \u00edt ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7 \u0111\u1ea5t h\u01a1n vi\u1ec7c khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 trong \u0111\u1ea5t. N\u1ebfu ch\u0103m s\u00f3c t\u1ed1t v\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, gieo tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 c\u00f3 qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh canh t\u00e1c li\u00ean t\u1ee5c th\u00ec s\u1ebd tr\u1ea3 l\u1ea1i cho \u0111\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quan tr\u1ecdng ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u1edf tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ea5t. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng ph\u00e2n b\u00f3n c\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ea5t cao \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ea5t feralit \u1edf v\u00f9ng r\u1eebng nam Amazon.<\/p>\n

Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c h\u1ed9 gia \u0111\u00ecnh n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n khai hoang qui m\u00f4 nh\u1ecf th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u1edf Maranhao (Braxin) n\u0103m 1978-1983 v\u00e0 1989-1993. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p n\u00e0y, b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng, vi\u1ec7c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t h\u1eefu c\u01a1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o t\u1ed3n tr\u1ecdn v\u1eb9n: c\u00e1c b\u1ee5i c\u00e2y nh\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1eb7t h\u1ea1 b\u1eb1ng r\u00ecu v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i m\u00f9a m\u01b0a, c\u00e1c c\u00e2y to \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i g\u1ed1c v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ho\u00e1 ch\u1ea5t Trichlopyr . . .<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c canh t\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gieo tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea3m m\u1ee5c, c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng canh t\u00e1c kh\u00e1c nhau \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch gieo tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp (l\u00faa+s\u1eafn+ng\u00f4 sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 nho) v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y l\u00e2u d\u00e0i ch\u1ed1ng s\u00f3i m\u00f2n ( c\u00e2y \u0103n qu\u1ea3, cacao, cao su, c\u1ecd \u0111\u1ea7u, h\u1ea1t ti\u00eau . . . ).<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, d\u00f9 canh t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng c\u01a1 gi\u1edbi hay th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng th\u00ec qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng canh t\u00e1c, \u0111\u1ea5t c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ph\u00e1 hu\u1ef7. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng canh t\u00e1c b\u1eb1ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p gieo tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ng\u0169 c\u1ed1c, b\u00e3i ch\u0103n th\u1ea3, canh t\u00e1c c\u00e2y l\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u1ef1c v\u00e0 c\u00e2y l\u00e2u n\u0103m c\u00f3 \u00edch. H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i r\u1eebng c\u00f3 c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng canh t\u00e1c b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, cho ph\u00e9p khai th\u00e1c l\u00e2u d\u00e0i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean r\u1eebng.<\/p>\n

Mai Th\u00e0nh<\/b><\/p>\n

(L\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ecbch t\u1eeb “Bois et Forets des Tropiques”, 2000, N0<\/sup> 263)<\/i><\/b>**************************************<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u1edf v\u00f9ng Sinop (ph\u00eda B\u1eafc Mato Grosso,Braxin) m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang \u0111\u1ed9c \u0111\u00e1o, d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a n\u00f4ng d\u00e2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 n\u00f4ng h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n t\u00edch l\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ee3i cho vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd \u0111\u1ea5t b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ra so s\u00e1nh v\u1edbi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p khai hoang th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, theo \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 th\u00e0nh, \u0111\u1ed9 m\u00e0u m\u1ee1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea5t v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m canh t\u00e1c trong v\u00f2ng 4 n\u0103m sau khai hoang.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[18],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=311"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19353,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/311\/revisions\/19353"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=311"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=311"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=311"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}