![\"Phanloaigo\"](\"http:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2014\/06\/Phanloaigo.png\")
<\/a><\/p>\n2. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, n\u1ed9i dung v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p<\/b><\/p>\n
M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau:<\/b> X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n
N\u1ed9i dung:<\/b><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u c\u00e1c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 trong n\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam.<\/p>\n
Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p:<\/b><\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u00e0 k\u1ebf th\u1eeba t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 L\u1ea5y \u00fd ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1i c\u00e1c c\u01a1 quan qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc, c\u01a1 s\u1edf s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, kinh doanh g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p chuy\u00ean gia, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o khoa h\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
3. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 th\u1ea3o lu\u1eadn<\/b><\/p>\n
3.1. T\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u1ec1 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i<\/b><\/p>\n
\u1ede c\u00e1c n\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u00ean ti\u1ebfn, c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 cao v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a kh\u00e1 \u0111\u1ea7y \u0111\u1ee7 v\u00e0 ho\u00e0n ch\u1ec9nh. M\u1ecdi ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n v\u1ec1 g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec1u l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf, trong \u0111\u00f3 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 l\u00fd g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng, quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh. Tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft, kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch (KLTT) \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean nh\u1ea5t. H\u1ed9i ngh\u1ecb qu\u1ed1c t\u1ebf v\u1ec1 g\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi t\u1ea1i Geneve n\u0103m 1949 \u0111\u00e3 th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t: l\u1ea5y KLTT c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 \u1edf \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea9m 12% \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m (Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh H\u01b0ng, 1977). Trong khu v\u1ef1c, Malaysia, Indonesia,… s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng KLTT \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 4 nh\u00f3m (Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh S\u01a1n, 1991), Philippin ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m (L.J. Harmann, 1988).<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ra, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. Christian Scheiber (1965) l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m cho g\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi, Malaysia ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 4 “Nh\u00f3m c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9” (Strength groups) (Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh S\u01a1n, 1991).<\/p>\n
C\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, Anh v\u00e0 \u0110\u1ee9c ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 4 nh\u00f3m, Ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 FAO ch\u1ec9 3 nh\u00f3m (L.J. Harzmann, 1988), Christian Scheiber (1965) ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi\u00a0 th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n
M\u00f4\u0111un \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i khi u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, c\u00f4ng ri\u00eang khi u\u1ed1n va \u0111\u1eadp,… c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y l\u00e0m ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho m\u1ed9t m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n
H\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd g\u1ed7 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n g\u1ed7 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng. Trong \u201cHandbook of hardwood\u201d (L.J. Harzmann, 1988) s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, m\u00f4\u0111un \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i khi u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n va \u0111\u1eadp \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m. Sudan s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, m\u00f4\u0111un \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i khi u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1eaft d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n 4 nh\u00f3m. \u00dac s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng 3 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n: \u00a0u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, m\u00f4\u0111un \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i khi u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 t\u01b0\u01a1i th\u00e0nh 7 h\u1ea1ng (S1 \u0111\u1ebfn S7) v\u00e0 g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4 th\u00e0nh 8 h\u1ea1ng (SD1-SD8). FAO \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng KLTT, c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh v\u00e0 c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 5 nh\u00f3m, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho g\u1ed7 In\u0111\u00f4n\u00eaxia.<\/p>\n
\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. Malaysia ph\u00e2n g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 4 nh\u00f3m (Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh S\u01a1n,1991, YAP Fui It, 2004). New Sealand ph\u00e2n th\u00e0nh 5 c\u1ea5p v\u00e0 theo 5 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c nhau, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c FAO \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng cho g\u1ed7 Indonesia.<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n
3.2. Ph\u00e2n t\u00edch ti\u1ebfp thu c\u00e1c v\u0103n b\u1ea3n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf trong n\u01b0\u1edbc<\/b><\/p>\n
Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y, \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7 c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean <\/i>k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c theo kinh nghi\u1ec7m (n\u1eb7ng hay nh\u1eb9, c\u1ee9ng hay m\u1ec1m, m\u00e0u s\u1eafc), chia th\u00e0nh 4 h\u1ea1ng: H\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd, h\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebft m\u1ed9c, h\u1ea1ng h\u1ed3ng s\u1eafc v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1p m\u1ed9c (L\u00ea V\u0103n Chung, 1963).<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1921, Ph\u00e1p ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 2657 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u00e0nh 5 h\u1ea1ng: H\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd, h\u1ea1ng nh\u1ea5t, h\u1ea1ng nh\u00ec, h\u1ea1ng ba v\u00e0 h\u1ea1ng t\u01b0 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o kinh nghi\u1ec7m v\u00e0 th\u1ecb hi\u1ebfu.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1957, B\u1ed9 N\u00f4ng L\u00e2m \u2013 T\u00e0i ch\u00ednh ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 4 ND\/LB quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ec1 ph\u00e2n h\u1ea1ng c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng r\u1eebng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng cung c\u1ea5p c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh khai th\u00e1c c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi c\u00e1c y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1: c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed7, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng. Theo <\/b>\u0111\u00f3 <\/b>g\u1ed7 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh 8 h\u1ea1ng.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1960, H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ra Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 10-CP quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m g\u1ed7. C\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo \u0111\u00f3, T\u1ed5ng c\u1ee5c L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 ra Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 42-Q\u0110 ban h\u00e0nh “B\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i 8 nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7” c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ed9 v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, trong \u0111\u00f3 KLTT \u0111\u00f3ng m\u1ed9t vai tr\u00f2 quan tr\u1ecdng (L.J. Harzmann, 1988).<\/p>\n
Ng\u00e0y 26-11-1977, B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p ra Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 2198- CNR ra ban h\u00e0nh \u201cB\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc\u201d tr\u00ean c\u01a1 s\u1edf g\u1ed9p c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u1edf ph\u00eda Nam v\u00e0o B\u1ea3ng 8 nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch: \u0110\u1ec3 t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc. B\u1ea3ng 8 nh\u00f3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c N\u0103m 1988, c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh vi\u1ec7c x\u1ebfp h\u1ea1ng g\u1ed7 cho 4 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1997 b\u1ed5 sung th\u00eam 8 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7, n\u00e2ng t\u1ed5ng s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 l\u00ean 362.<\/p>\n
N\u0103m 1977, Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh H\u01b0ng (1977) \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t “Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 r\u1eebng Vi\u1ec7t Nam” chuy\u1ec3n 8 nh\u00f3m th\u00e0nh 6 nh\u00f3m, l\u1ea5y KLTT l\u00e0 ti\u00eau th\u1ee9c ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o; v\u00e0 n\u0103m 1995 \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t “Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam” g\u1ed3m 5 nh\u00f3m c\u0103n c\u1ee9 theo ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7, k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i theo m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 g\u1ed7 tr\u00ean th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n
B\u1ea3ng 8 nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n t\u00edch g\u1ed3m nh\u1eefng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 C\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n chia th\u00e0nh 8 nh\u00f3m ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ranh gi\u1edbi ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m V \u0111\u1ebfn VIII.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 T\u00ean nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 ch\u01b0a ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, c\u00f2n nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp ch\u01b0a h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 c\u00f2n qu\u00e1 \u00edt so v\u1edbi t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean g\u1ed7 n\u01b0\u1edbc ta.<\/p>\n
–\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n chia g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 8 nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n
3.3. \u0110\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/b><\/p>\n
3.3.1. C\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc:<\/b><\/p>\n
–\u00a0 C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed7: C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 y\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t g\u1ed7. C\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o g\u1ed7 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 xem l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i c\u1ee7a t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t (L\u00ea V\u0103n T\u00ecnh, 1998). Trong h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 t\u1eeb tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ebfn nay \u0111\u1ec1u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: M\u00e0u s\u1eafc, m\u00f9i v\u1ecb, th\u1edb g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 m\u1eb7t g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n
– \u00a0T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd: Kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ec3 t\u00edch: KLTT l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c quan t\u00e2m nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u00f3 c\u00f3 li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn h\u1ea7u h\u1ebft c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7, l\u00e0 tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u00f3 t\u00ednh thuy\u1ebft ph\u1ee5c nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nhi\u1ec1u t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7, l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 then ch\u1ed1t \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n
– \u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc: Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc th\u1edb c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t r\u1ea5t \u00edt bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, d\u1ec5 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n
– \u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh: \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u1ee9ng l\u1ef1c ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p, l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau quan tr\u1ecdng th\u1ee9 hai sau \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc.<\/p>\n
– \u00a0\u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean:\u00a0 Ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh th\u1eddi gian s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng g\u1ed7 qua \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ra, c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau c\u01a1 l\u00fd nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 co r\u00fat, \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng, hong s\u1ea5y, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u00fd ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf, khoa h\u1ecdc: Nh\u1eefng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u, th\u00f4ng tin v\u1ec1 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf, \u00fd ngh\u0129a khoa h\u1ecdc c\u0169ng c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh x\u1ebfp nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n
<\/p>\n
3.3.2. Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf Vi\u00eat Nam<\/b><\/p>\n
a) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung: Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u01a1 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7: c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o, khuy\u1ebft t\u1eadt, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t v\u1eadt l\u00fd, t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7, trong \u0111\u00f3 KLTT l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n
Ngo\u00e0i ra, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng gia c\u00f4ng, hong s\u1ea5y, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u00e2y g\u1ed7. \u00dd ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 g\u1ed7, \u00fd ngh\u0129a khoa h\u1ecdc,… \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham kh\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd x\u1ebfp nh\u00f3m.<\/p>\n
b) Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n t\u1eebng nh\u00f3m:<\/p>\n
Nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd, hi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t<\/i>: \u00a0C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd, m\u00e0u \u0111\u1eb9p, v\u00e2n nhi\u1ec1u v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb9p, h\u01b0\u01a1ng th\u01a1m \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u01b0a chu\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9c cao c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1eaft ti\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ef9 ngh\u1ec7, h\u00e0ng m\u1ed9c ch\u1ea1m kh\u1ea3m, ho\u1eb7c nh\u1eefng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m g\u1ed7 kh\u00e1c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb r\u1ea5t cao, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u1ec1 l\u1ecbch s\u1eed, v\u0103n ho\u00e1, khoa h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 ngh\u1ec7 thu\u1eadt.<\/p>\n
Nh\u00f3m I \u0111\u1ebfn V<\/i>:<\/p>\n
\u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u00ednh<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n Kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n KLTT\u00a0 <\/b>(g\/cm3<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc <\/b>(kG\/cm2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u1ee8ng su\u1ea5t u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh <\/b>(kG\/cm2<\/sup>)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u0110\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean <\/b>(n\u0103m)<\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n C\u00e2y l\u00e1 kim<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n C\u00e2y l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n C\u00e2y l\u00e1 kim<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n C\u00e2y l\u00e1 r\u1ed9ng<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n I<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n > 0,70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n > 0,95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 450<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3650<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b31500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n Tr\u00ean 10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n II<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n >0,60- \u22640,70<\/p>\n<\/td>\n >0,80 – \u22640,95<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 500-<650<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 1200-<1500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n 5-10<\/p>\n<\/td>\n III<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n > 0,50 – \u22640,60<\/p>\n<\/td>\n > 0,65 – \u22640,80<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 350- <450<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 350-<500<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 800-<1200<\/p>\n<\/td>\n 3-5<\/p>\n<\/td>\n IV<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n > 0,40 –\u00a0 \u22640,50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n > 0,50 – \u22640,65<\/p>\n<\/td>\n <350<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 250-<350<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00b3 600-<800<\/p>\n<\/td>\n 1-3<\/p>\n<\/td>\n V<\/b><\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u22640,40<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u22640,50<\/p>\n<\/td>\n <250<\/p>\n<\/td>\n <600<\/p>\n<\/td>\n D\u01b0\u1edbi 1<\/p>\n<\/td>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n C\u00e1c tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p ngo\u1ea1i l\u1ec7:<\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m I: <\/b>G\u1ed7 c\u00f3 KLTT nh\u1ecf h\u01a1n n\u1ebfu \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean kh\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m, c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf cao, ho\u1eb7c c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n t\u1ed1t cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n \u0111i bi\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m II: <\/b>N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t cho \u0111\u00f3ng v\u1ecf t\u00e0u thuy\u1ec1n, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9c h\u1ea1ng t\u1ed1t, ho\u1eb7c tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n cho y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00e1c nh\u01b0 l\u00e0m th\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ef1ng dung d\u1ecbch l\u1ecfng, ti\u1ec7n, g\u1ecdt, ch\u1ea1m tr\u1ed5,…N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt kh\u00e1c v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m III: <\/b>N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 trong nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 n\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00ec c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng k\u00ednh t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u1ee7a lo\u00e0i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng l\u1edbn (g\u1ed7 nh\u1ee1), ho\u1eb7c g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn v\u00e0 gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cao.<\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m IV: <\/b>N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 nh\u1eb9 h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u00ec ph\u1ea3i th\u00edch h\u1ee3p \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t v\u1edbi y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00f3c, g\u1ed7 di\u00eam,\u00a0 g\u1ed7 v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c th\u1ecfa m\u00e3n cho c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p gi\u1ea5y s\u1ee3i,… N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n tr\u00ean th\u00ec l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 kh\u00f4ng tho\u1ea3 m\u00e3n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00f3m tr\u00ean tr\u01b0\u1edbc h\u1ebft v\u00ec t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean k\u00e9m ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0 c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 nh\u1ee1, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng cao.<\/p>\n Nh\u00f3m V: <\/b>N\u1ebfu g\u1ed7 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n c\u1ee7a nh\u00f3m th\u00ec l\u00e0 g\u1ed7 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i c\u00e2y g\u1ed7 nh\u1ecf, gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb kinh t\u1ebf th\u1ea5p, ho\u1eb7c r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 gia c\u00f4ng, kh\u00f3 hong, s\u1ea5y, kh\u00f3 b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n, ph\u1ea9m ch\u1ea5t k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n \u00a0<\/b><\/p>\n 4. K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn v\u00e0 khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb<\/b><\/p>\n K\u1ebft lu\u1eadn:<\/b><\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u0103n c\u1ee9 v\u00e0o c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7: t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 v\u1eadt l\u00fd, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a theo t\u1eebng m\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 l\u00e0 c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc cho c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7.<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 t\u1eeb l\u00e2u. B\u1ea3ng 8 nh\u00f3m l\u00e0 t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a to l\u1edbn trong c\u00f4ng t\u00e1c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean g\u1ed7 \u1edf n\u01b0\u1edbc ta. Qua ph\u00e2n t\u00edch \u0111\u00e3 cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i: Ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m ch\u01b0a r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u sai s\u00f3t v\u1ec1 t\u00ean, thi\u1ebfu d\u1eabn li\u1ec7u khoa h\u1ecdc,…<\/p>\n –\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0 Qua nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, chuy\u00ean gia, h\u1ed9i th\u1ea3o, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u01a1 s\u1edf khoa h\u1ecdc cho ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam: l\u1ea5y \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean c\u1ee7a g\u1ed7 l\u00e0m c\u01a1 s\u1edf: KLTT, \u1ee9ng su\u1ea5t n\u00e9n d\u1ecdc, u\u1ed1n t\u0129nh, \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, trong \u0111\u00f3 KLTT l\u00e0m ti\u00eau ch\u00ed ch\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ea1o. Ngo\u00e0i ra c\u1ea7n tham kh\u1ea3o \u00fd ngh\u0129a kinh t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1 c\u1ea3 g\u1ed7, \u00fd ngh\u0129a khoa h\u1ecdc,… \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd x\u1ebfp nh\u00f3m. Qua \u0111\u00f3, \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t: ph\u00e2n nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 th\u00e0nh 6 nh\u00f3m, trong \u0111\u00f3 c\u00f3 1 nh\u00f3m g\u1ed7 qu\u00fd hi\u1ebfm, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t.<\/p>\n Khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb:<\/b><\/p>\n S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u theo ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n m\u1edbi v\u00e0 ban h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ec3 h\u00e0i h\u00f2a v\u1edbi khu v\u1ef1c, ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n n\u01b0\u1edbc ta, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean g\u1ed7 v\u00e0 r\u1eebng n\u01b0\u1edbc ta b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng.<\/p>\n 5. T\u00e0i li\u1ec7u tham kh\u1ea3o<\/b><\/p>\n 1. Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh H\u01b0ng, 1977. \u201cPh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i>\u201d, T\u1eadp san c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, s\u1ed1 11, tr. 13-24.<\/p>\n 2. Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh H\u01b0ng, 1990. \u201cNghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n t\u00e0i nguy\u00ean g\u1ed7 r\u1eebng Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i>\u201d. T\u1ed5ng k\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i c\u1ea5p Nh\u00e0 n\u01b0\u1edbc 04.01.06.01. B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n 3. Nguy\u1ec5n \u0110\u00ecnh H\u01b0ng, 1996. “Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 Vi\u1ec7t Nam<\/i>” trong K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 l\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p 1991-1995, B\u1ed9 NN & PTNT, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i, tr. 111-115.<\/p>\n 4. L\u00ea V\u0103n Chung, 1963. \u201cTi\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ho\u00e1 v\u00e0 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 th\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u1ea9m<\/i>\u201c, NXB N\u00f4ng th\u00f4n, H\u00e0 N\u1ed9i.<\/p>\n 5. Ph\u1ea1m \u0110\u00ecnh S\u01a1n, 1991. “V\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t th\u01b0\u01a1ng m\u1ea1i t\u1ea1i th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng Xingapo \u2013 G\u1ed7 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1edbi \u0110\u00f4ng Nam \u00c1 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?”, T\u1eadp san LS, s\u1ed1 3-1991.<\/p>\n 6. H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7, 1960. “Ngh\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 10-CP v\u1ec1 quy \u0111\u1ecbnh ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m g\u1ed7 do H\u1ed9i \u0111\u1ed3ng Ch\u00ednh ph\u1ee7 ban h\u00e0nh” <\/i>\u00a0(http:\/\/www.thuvienphapluat.com\/<\/p>\n default.aspx?CT=VC&LID=5156007)<\/p>\n 7. B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p, 1977. “Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh ban h\u00e0nh b\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc”<\/i> (Quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 2198-CNR ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1977 c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p).<\/p>\n 8. C. Schreiber, 1965. “Tropenhoelzer<\/i>“, VEB Fachbuchverlag Leipzig.<\/p>\n 9. L.J. Harzmann, 1988. “Kurze Grundriss der allgemeinen Tropenkunde”<\/i>. S Hirtel Verlag, Leipzig.<\/p>\n 1. \u0110\u1eb7t v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 “B\u1ea3ng ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i g\u1ed7 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea5t trong c\u1ea3 n\u01b0\u1edbc” (g\u1ecdi t\u1eaft l\u00e0 B\u1ea3ng 8 nh\u00f3m) do B\u1ed9 L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p ban h\u00e0nh theo quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh s\u1ed1 1298-CNR ng\u00e0y 26 th\u00e1ng 11 n\u0103m 1977 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p to l\u1edbn cho ng\u00e0nh L\u00e2m nghi\u1ec7p n\u00f3i ri\u00eang […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[11,72],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13019"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=13019"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13019\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":13083,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/13019\/revisions\/13083"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=13019"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=13019"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/vafs.gov.vn\/vn\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=13019"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\n\n
\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n C\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, l\u00e0m khung t\u1ea7u thuy\u1ec1n, c\u1ea7u, nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn c\u1ea7n ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c l\u1edbn.<\/i><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Th\u00edch h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00f3ng t\u1ea7u thuy\u1ec1n, s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng trong c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c v\u00e0 b\u1ec1n ch\u1eafc.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00f2i h\u1ecfi ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao, c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p b\u00f3c v\u00e0 l\u1ea1ng, \u0111\u1ed3 m\u1ed9c th\u00f4ng d\u1ee5ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng ki\u00ean c\u1ed1, v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u l\u00e0m v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n; l\u00e0m t\u00e0 v\u1eb9t, ch\u1ed1ng l\u00f2 nh\u01b0ng ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n. M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c v\u00e1n v\u1ecf c\u1ee7a thuy\u1ec1n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ecf \u0111i s\u00f4ng.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n Th\u00edch h\u1ee3p cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng kh\u00f4ng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ch\u1ecbu l\u1ef1c, l\u00e0m bao b\u00ec ho\u1eb7c v\u00e1n khu\u00f4n.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n
\n<\/b><\/p>\n<\/h1>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"